For a given PNP transistorExplain briefly what voltages need to be applied so that this transistor will work in the active (linear) region. Sketch a circuit showing the polarity of your power supplies.

To operate a PNP transistor in the active (linear) region, the following voltages need to be applied:

1. The base-emitter junction should be forward-biased, which means the voltage at the base should be more negative than the voltage at the emitter.

2. The collector-base junction should be reverse-biased, which means the voltage at the collector should be more positive than the voltage at the base.

A simple circuit to demonstrate this would be:

      +Vcc
        |
       / \
      /   \ R1
     /     \
     \     /
      \   /
       \ /
     |/ \| PNP
      |
      _
      |
      -
      |
      0V

In this circuit, the positive power supply is connected to the collector of the PNP transistor, and the negative power supply is connected to the emitter. The base is biased with a resistor R1 and a voltage source can be used to set the base voltage. The resistor R1 limits the current flowing into the base to protect the transistor from damage.

By applying the correct voltages to the base, collector, and emitter, the transistor will operate in the active (linear) region and can be used for amplification or switching purposes.