软件设计模式:设计原则、模式分类与实战应用,提升代码质量

发布时间: 2024-08-12 03:58:39 阅读量: 23 订阅数: 17
![opencv情绪识别](https://www.ptc.com/-/media/Images/blog/post/cad-blog/2020/september/gd-featured.png) # 1. 软件设计原则** 软件设计原则是一组指导软件设计的指导方针,旨在提高代码质量、可维护性和可扩展性。这些原则有助于创建灵活、可重用和易于理解的代码。 **1.1 单一职责原则** 单一职责原则规定,每个类或模块只应负责一个特定的任务。这有助于降低耦合度,提高可维护性,因为更改一个模块不会影响其他模块。 **1.2 开闭原则** 开闭原则指出,软件应该对扩展开放,对修改关闭。这意味着新功能可以通过扩展现有代码来添加,而无需修改现有代码。这提高了代码的可扩展性和可维护性。 # 2. 设计模式分类 设计模式是一种经过验证的解决方案,用于解决软件设计中常见的问题。它们提供了一种系统化的方法来组织和结构代码,从而提高其可维护性、可扩展性和可读性。设计模式通常被分为三大类:创建型、结构型和行为型。 ### 2.1 创建型模式 创建型模式关注于创建对象的机制。它们提供了一种灵活的方式来创建对象,而无需指定其具体类。 #### 2.1.1 单例模式 单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例,并提供一个全局访问点。它用于创建全局对象或限制对资源的访问。 **代码块:** ```java public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance; private Singleton() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; } } ``` **逻辑分析:** * 私有构造函数防止直接创建实例。 * `getInstance()` 方法检查实例是否存在,如果不存在则创建它。 * 每次调用 `getInstance()` 都返回相同的实例,确保单例性。 #### 2.1.2 工厂方法模式 工厂方法模式定义了一个创建对象的接口,但将实际创建过程延迟到子类。它允许在不指定具体类的情况下创建对象。 **代码块:** ```python class ShapeFactory: def create_shape(self, shape_type): if shape_type == "circle": return Circle() elif shape_type == "rectangle": return Rectangle() else: raise ValueError("Invalid shape type") class Circle: def draw(self): print("Drawing a circle") class Rectangle: def draw(self): print("Drawing a rectangle") factory = ShapeFactory() circle = factory.create_shape("circle") circle.draw() ``` **逻辑分析:** * `ShapeFactory` 定义了创建形状对象的接口。 * 子类(`Circle` 和 `Rectangle`)实现具体的创建方法。 * 客户端通过工厂对象创建形状,而无需知道具体类。 #### 2.1.3 抽象工厂模式 抽象工厂模式提供了一个接口,用于创建一系列相关的对象,而无需指定它们的具体类。它用于创建对象家族,这些对象在接口上相关但实现不同。 **代码块:** ```cpp class ShapeFactory { public: virtual Shape* create_circle() = 0; virtual Shape* create_rectangle() = 0; }; class Circle : public Shape { public: void draw() override { std::cout << "Drawing a circle" << std::endl; } }; class Rectangle : public Shape { public: void draw() override { std::cout << "Drawing a rectangle" << std::endl; } }; class ShapeFactory1 : public ShapeFactory { public: Shape* create_circl ```
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