主成分分析(PCA)的最新进展:核主成分分析与流形学习,降维新前沿

发布时间: 2024-07-22 14:55:00 阅读量: 27 订阅数: 49
![主成分分析(PCA)的最新进展:核主成分分析与流形学习,降维新前沿](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200712162150703.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3BhbnRpbmdk,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70) # 1. 主成分分析(PCA)的理论基础 主成分分析(PCA)是一种经典的降维技术,用于将高维数据投影到低维空间中,同时最大程度地保留原始数据的方差。其基本思想是将原始数据的协方差矩阵特征分解,并选择前几个特征值对应的特征向量作为新的坐标轴。 PCA的数学原理如下: ```python import numpy as np from sklearn.decomposition import PCA # 加载数据 data = np.loadtxt('data.csv', delimiter=',') # 标准化数据 data = (data - np.mean(data, axis=0)) / np.std(data, axis=0) # PCA降维 pca = PCA(n_components=2) pca.fit(data) # 获取主成分 components = pca.components_ ``` # 2.1 KPCA的数学原理 ### 2.1.1 核函数 核函数是一种在机器学习中广泛使用的函数,它可以将低维数据映射到高维特征空间中。在KPCA中,核函数扮演着至关重要的角色,它决定了数据在高维空间中的分布。 常用的核函数包括: - 线性核函数:$$k(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x}') = \mathbf{x} \cdot \mathbf{x}'$$ - 多项式核函数:$$k(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x}') = (\mathbf{x} \cdot \mathbf{x}' + c)^d$$ - 高斯核函数:$$k(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x}') = \exp(-\gamma \Vert \mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}' \Vert^2)$$ ### 2.1.2 核矩阵 核矩阵是KPCA算法的核心数据结构。它是一个对称矩阵,其元素为输入数据点之间的核函数值。 给定一个数据集$\{\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2, ..., \mathbf{x}_n\}$,其核矩阵$\mathbf{K}$定义为: $$\mathbf{K}_{ij} = k(\mathbf{x}_i, \mathbf{x}_j)$$ ### 2.1.3 中心化核矩阵 中心化核矩阵是KPCA算法的另一个关键数据结构。它通过减去核矩阵的列均值和行均值来对核矩阵进行中心化处理。 中心化核矩阵$\mathbf{C}$定义为: $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{K} - \mathbf{1}\mathbf{K} - \mathbf{K}\mathbf{1} + \mathbf{1}\mathbf{K}\mathbf{1}$$ 其中,$\mathbf{1}$是一个全1向量。 ### 2.1.4 特征值分解 特征值分解是KPCA算法的核心步骤。它将中心化核矩阵分解为特征值和特征向量。 特征值分解的数学表达式为: $$\mathbf{C} = \mathbf{U}\mathbf{\Lambda}\mathbf{U}^T$$ 其中,$\mathbf{U}$是特征向量矩阵,$\mathbf{\Lambda}$是对角特征值矩阵。 ### 2.1.5 降维 KPCA通过保留中心化核矩阵前$m$个最大的特征值对应的特征向量来实现降维。 降维后的数据点$\mathbf{y}_i$可以表示为: $$\mathbf{y}_i = \sum_{j=1}^m \alpha_j \mathbf{u}_j$$ 其中,$\mathbf{u}_j$是中心化核矩阵的第$j$个特征向量,$\alpha_j$是对应的特征值。 ### 2.1.6 KPCA算法流程 KPCA算法的流程如下: 1. 计算核矩阵$\mathbf{K}$。 2. 计算中心化核矩阵$\mathbf{C}$。 3. 对中心化核矩阵进行特征值分解。 4. 保留前$m$个最大的特征值对应的特征向量。 5. 将输入数据点映射到高维特征空间中。 # 3.1 流形学习的基本概念 **流形** 流形是一个拓扑学概念,它是一个局部欧几里得空间的集合,可以嵌入到一个更高维的欧几里得空间中。流形可以用来描述具有复杂结构和非线性关系的数据。 **流形学习** 流形学习是一种机器学习技术,它旨在
corwn 最低0.47元/天 解锁专栏
送3个月
profit 百万级 高质量VIP文章无限畅学
profit 千万级 优质资源任意下载
profit C知道 免费提问 ( 生成式Al产品 )

相关推荐

SW_孙维

开发技术专家
知名科技公司工程师,开发技术领域拥有丰富的工作经验和专业知识。曾负责设计和开发多个复杂的软件系统,涉及到大规模数据处理、分布式系统和高性能计算等方面。
专栏简介
本专栏全面探讨了主成分分析(PCA),一种强大的数据降维技术。从基本概念到实际应用,再到与其他降维方法的比较,该专栏提供了深入的见解和实用指南。涵盖了PCA在数据可视化、金融、图像处理、自然语言处理等领域的应用,以及其局限性、替代方法和最佳实践。此外,该专栏还探讨了PCA在人工智能和机器学习中的机遇和挑战,并展望了非线性降维和高维数据分析的未来方向。通过深入浅出的讲解和丰富的案例,本专栏旨在帮助读者掌握PCA的原理、应用和局限性,从而有效地利用该技术进行数据降维。

专栏目录

最低0.47元/天 解锁专栏
送3个月
百万级 高质量VIP文章无限畅学
千万级 优质资源任意下载
C知道 免费提问 ( 生成式Al产品 )

最新推荐

Technical Guide to Building Enterprise-level Document Management System using kkfileview

# 1.1 kkfileview Technical Overview kkfileview is a technology designed for file previewing and management, offering rapid and convenient document browsing capabilities. Its standout feature is the support for online previews of various file formats, such as Word, Excel, PDF, and more—allowing user

Image Processing and Computer Vision Techniques in Jupyter Notebook

# Image Processing and Computer Vision Techniques in Jupyter Notebook ## Chapter 1: Introduction to Jupyter Notebook ### 2.1 What is Jupyter Notebook Jupyter Notebook is an interactive computing environment that supports code execution, text writing, and image display. Its main features include: -

Expert Tips and Secrets for Reading Excel Data in MATLAB: Boost Your Data Handling Skills

# MATLAB Reading Excel Data: Expert Tips and Tricks to Elevate Your Data Handling Skills ## 1. The Theoretical Foundations of MATLAB Reading Excel Data MATLAB offers a variety of functions and methods to read Excel data, including readtable, importdata, and xlsread. These functions allow users to

Analyzing Trends in Date Data from Excel Using MATLAB

# Introduction ## 1.1 Foreword In the current era of information explosion, vast amounts of data are continuously generated and recorded. Date data, as a significant part of this, captures the changes in temporal information. By analyzing date data and performing trend analysis, we can better under

Parallelization Techniques for Matlab Autocorrelation Function: Enhancing Efficiency in Big Data Analysis

# 1. Introduction to Matlab Autocorrelation Function The autocorrelation function is a vital analytical tool in time-domain signal processing, capable of measuring the similarity of a signal with itself at varying time lags. In Matlab, the autocorrelation function can be calculated using the `xcorr

PyCharm Python Version Management and Version Control: Integrated Strategies for Version Management and Control

# Overview of Version Management and Version Control Version management and version control are crucial practices in software development, allowing developers to track code changes, collaborate, and maintain the integrity of the codebase. Version management systems (like Git and Mercurial) provide

Styling Scrollbars in Qt Style Sheets: Detailed Examples on Beautifying Scrollbar Appearance with QSS

# Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Scrollbar Beautification with Qt Style Sheets ## 1.1 The Importance of Scrollbars in Qt Interface Design As a frequently used interactive element in Qt interface design, scrollbars play a crucial role in displaying a vast amount of information within limited space. In

Statistical Tests for Model Evaluation: Using Hypothesis Testing to Compare Models

# Basic Concepts of Model Evaluation and Hypothesis Testing ## 1.1 The Importance of Model Evaluation In the fields of data science and machine learning, model evaluation is a critical step to ensure the predictive performance of a model. Model evaluation involves not only the production of accura

Installing and Optimizing Performance of NumPy: Optimizing Post-installation Performance of NumPy

# 1. Introduction to NumPy NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is a Python library used for scientific computing. It offers a powerful N-dimensional array object, along with efficient functions for array operations. NumPy is widely used in data science, machine learning, image processing, and scient

[Frontier Developments]: GAN's Latest Breakthroughs in Deepfake Domain: Understanding Future AI Trends

# 1. Introduction to Deepfakes and GANs ## 1.1 Definition and History of Deepfakes Deepfakes, a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake", are technologically-altered images, audio, and videos that are lifelike thanks to the power of deep learning, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs

专栏目录

最低0.47元/天 解锁专栏
送3个月
百万级 高质量VIP文章无限畅学
千万级 优质资源任意下载
C知道 免费提问 ( 生成式Al产品 )