WebGL 2.0规范：HTML5画布的OpenGL ES 3.0接口增强

WebGL

Specification

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WebGL 2.0 Specification 2.0.0 是针对 HTML5 Canvas 元素的一个扩展性规范，它定义了一个额外的渲染上下文和相关的支持对象。这个规范旨在提供与 OpenGL ES 3.0 API 相似的图形处理能力，使得开发者能够利用更高级的图形功能在网页上创建复杂的3D图形和计算密集型应用。 1. **概述**： - WebGL 2.0是在WebGL 1.0基础上的增强版本，提供了一种更加现代化的API，支持OpenGL ES 3.0标准，这允许开发人员利用硬件加速渲染，实现更高效的性能和更丰富的视觉效果。 2. **核心内容**： - **第2章：渲染上下文**：这部分详细介绍了如何创建和使用WebGL 2.0渲染上下文，包括如何初始化、绑定帧缓冲对象（FBOs）以及管理纹理等关键概念。 - **第3章：核心特性**： - **3.1：着色器**：WebGL 2.0引入了新的着色器语言版本，支持更多的特性如变量类型、算术运算、控制流等，提高了着色器编写者的灵活性。 - **3.2：顶点数组对象（VAOs）**：VAOs的使用简化了顶点数据的设置，提高了数据传输效率。 - **3.3：几何操作**：支持更多几何类型和操作，如多边形模式、混合模式等。 - **3.4：纹理和贴图**：增强的纹理功能，包括纹理过滤、多通道纹理和纹理数组等。 - **3.5：缓冲对象和访问**：对缓冲对象的处理进行了优化，支持动态缓冲和更大范围的数据操作。 - **3.6：多视口和多画布**：允许多个视口在同一场景中显示不同的内容，提高布局灵活性。 - **3.7：3D变换**：增强了矩阵操作和投影，提供了更精确的3D空间控制。 - **3.7.1-3.7.10：子类接口和扩展**：列举了一系列具体的接口和扩展，如算术指令扩展、着色器程序接口等，这些扩展提供了额外的功能和性能提升。 3. **文档状态**： - 当前文档是编辑草稿，这意味着它可能还在持续更新和改进过程中，不建议将其作为正式引用。 4. **获取与参考**： - 如果需要最新版本的规格或WebIDL（Web Interface Definition Language）规范，可以访问Khronos Group的官方站点获取。 WebGL 2.0 Specification 2.0.0是现代Web开发的重要资源，它提升了HTML5 Canvas在图形渲染上的表现，并与移动设备广泛采用的OpenGL ES 3.0保持同步，这对于游戏开发、可视化应用和科学计算等领域都具有重要意义。

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2/18/2019 WebGL 2 Speciﬁcation

https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/2.0.0/ 7/40

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_ALPHA_SIZE = 0x8215;

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_DEPTH_SIZE = 0x8216;

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_STENCIL_SIZE = 0x8217;

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT = 0x8218;

const GLenum DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT = 0x821A;

const GLenum DEPTH_STENCIL = 0x84F9;

const GLenum UNSIGNED_INT_24_8 = 0x84FA;

const GLenum DEPTH24_STENCIL8 = 0x88F0;

const GLenum UNSIGNED_NORMALIZED = 0x8C17;

const GLenum DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING = 0x8CA6; /* Same as FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING

const GLenum READ_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA8;

const GLenum DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER = 0x8CA9;

const GLenum READ_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING = 0x8CAA;

const GLenum RENDERBUFFER_SAMPLES = 0x8CAB;

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_TEXTURE_LAYER = 0x8CD4;

const GLenum MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS = 0x8CDF;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT1 = 0x8CE1;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT2 = 0x8CE2;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT3 = 0x8CE3;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT4 = 0x8CE4;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT5 = 0x8CE5;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT6 = 0x8CE6;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT7 = 0x8CE7;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT8 = 0x8CE8;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT9 = 0x8CE9;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT10 = 0x8CEA;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT11 = 0x8CEB;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT12 = 0x8CEC;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT13 = 0x8CED;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT14 = 0x8CEE;

const GLenum COLOR_ATTACHMENT15 = 0x8CEF;

const GLenum FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MULTISAMPLE = 0x8D56;

const GLenum MAX_SAMPLES = 0x8D57;

const GLenum HALF_FLOAT = 0x140B;

const GLenum RG = 0x8227;

const GLenum RG_INTEGER = 0x8228;

const GLenum R8 = 0x8229;

const GLenum RG8 = 0x822B;

const GLenum R16F = 0x822D;

const GLenum R32F = 0x822E;

const GLenum RG16F = 0x822F;

const GLenum RG32F = 0x8230;

const GLenum R8I = 0x8231;

const GLenum R8UI = 0x8232;

const GLenum R16I = 0x8233;

const GLenum R16UI = 0x8234;

const GLenum R32I = 0x8235;

const GLenum R32UI = 0x8236;

const GLenum RG8I = 0x8237;

const GLenum RG8UI = 0x8238;

const GLenum RG16I = 0x8239;

const GLenum RG16UI = 0x823A;

const GLenum RG32I = 0x823B;

const GLenum RG32UI = 0x823C;

const GLenum VERTEX_ARRAY_BINDING = 0x85B5;

const GLenum R8_SNORM = 0x8F94;

const GLenum RG8_SNORM = 0x8F95;

const GLenum RGB8_SNORM = 0x8F96;

const GLenum RGBA8_SNORM = 0x8F97;

const GLenum SIGNED_NORMALIZED = 0x8F9C;

const GLenum COPY_READ_BUFFER = 0x8F36;

const GLenum COPY_WRITE_BUFFER = 0x8F37;

const GLenum COPY_READ_BUFFER_BINDING = 0x8F36; /* Same as COPY_READ_BUFFER */

const GLenum COPY_WRITE_BUFFER_BINDING = 0x8F37; /* Same as COPY_WRITE_BUFFER */

const GLenum UNIFORM_BUFFER = 0x8A11;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDING = 0x8A28;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BUFFER_START = 0x8A29;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BUFFER_SIZE = 0x8A2A;

const GLenum MAX_VERTEX_UNIFORM_BLOCKS = 0x8A2B;

const GLenum MAX_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_BLOCKS = 0x8A2D;

const GLenum MAX_COMBINED_UNIFORM_BLOCKS = 0x8A2E;

const GLenum MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BINDINGS = 0x8A2F;

const GLenum MAX_UNIFORM_BLOCK_SIZE = 0x8A30;

const GLenum MAX_COMBINED_VERTEX_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS = 0x8A31;

const GLenum MAX_COMBINED_FRAGMENT_UNIFORM_COMPONENTS = 0x8A33;

2/18/2019 WebGL 2 Speciﬁcation

https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/2.0.0/ 8/40

const GLenum UNIFORM_BUFFER_OFFSET_ALIGNMENT = 0x8A34;

const GLenum ACTIVE_UNIFORM_BLOCKS = 0x8A36;

const GLenum UNIFORM_TYPE = 0x8A37;

const GLenum UNIFORM_SIZE = 0x8A38;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_INDEX = 0x8A3A;

const GLenum UNIFORM_OFFSET = 0x8A3B;

const GLenum UNIFORM_ARRAY_STRIDE = 0x8A3C;

const GLenum UNIFORM_MATRIX_STRIDE = 0x8A3D;

const GLenum UNIFORM_IS_ROW_MAJOR = 0x8A3E;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_BINDING = 0x8A3F;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_DATA_SIZE = 0x8A40;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS = 0x8A42;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_INDICES = 0x8A43;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_VERTEX_SHADER = 0x8A44;

const GLenum UNIFORM_BLOCK_REFERENCED_BY_FRAGMENT_SHADER = 0x8A46;

const GLenum INVALID_INDEX = 0xFFFFFFFF;

const GLenum MAX_VERTEX_OUTPUT_COMPONENTS = 0x9122;

const GLenum MAX_FRAGMENT_INPUT_COMPONENTS = 0x9125;

const GLenum MAX_SERVER_WAIT_TIMEOUT = 0x9111;

const GLenum OBJECT_TYPE = 0x9112;

const GLenum SYNC_CONDITION = 0x9113;

const GLenum SYNC_STATUS = 0x9114;

const GLenum SYNC_FLAGS = 0x9115;

const GLenum SYNC_FENCE = 0x9116;

const GLenum SYNC_GPU_COMMANDS_COMPLETE = 0x9117;

const GLenum UNSIGNALED = 0x9118;

const GLenum SIGNALED = 0x9119;

const GLenum ALREADY_SIGNALED = 0x911A;

const GLenum TIMEOUT_EXPIRED = 0x911B;

const GLenum CONDITION_SATISFIED = 0x911C;

const GLenum WAIT_FAILED = 0x911D;

const GLenum SYNC_FLUSH_COMMANDS_BIT = 0x00000001;

const GLenum VERTEX_ATTRIB_ARRAY_DIVISOR = 0x88FE;

const GLenum ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED = 0x8C2F;

const GLenum ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED_CONSERVATIVE = 0x8D6A;

const GLenum SAMPLER_BINDING = 0x8919;

const GLenum RGB10_A2UI = 0x906F;

const GLenum INT_2_10_10_10_REV = 0x8D9F;

const GLenum TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK = 0x8E22;

const GLenum TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_PAUSED = 0x8E23;

const GLenum TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_ACTIVE = 0x8E24;

const GLenum TRANSFORM_FEEDBACK_BINDING = 0x8E25;

const GLenum TEXTURE_IMMUTABLE_FORMAT = 0x912F;

const GLenum MAX_ELEMENT_INDEX = 0x8D6B;

const GLenum TEXTURE_IMMUTABLE_LEVELS = 0x82DF;

const GLint64 TIMEOUT_IGNORED = -1;

/* WebGL-specific enums */

const GLenum MAX_CLIENT_WAIT_TIMEOUT_WEBGL = 0x9247;

/* Buffer objects */

// WebGL1:

void bufferData(GLenum target, GLsizeiptr size, GLenum usage);

void bufferData(GLenum target, ArrayBuffer? srcData, GLenum usage);

void bufferData(GLenum target, ArrayBufferView srcData, GLenum usage);

void bufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr dstByteOffset, BufferDataSource srcData);

// WebGL2:

void bufferData(GLenum target, ArrayBufferView srcData, GLenum usage, GLuint srcOffset,

optional GLuint length = 0);

void bufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr dstByteOffset, ArrayBufferView srcData,

GLuint srcOffset, optional GLuint length = 0);

void copyBufferSubData(GLenum readTarget, GLenum writeTarget, GLintptr readOffset,

GLintptr writeOffset, GLsizeiptr size);

// MapBufferRange, in particular its read-only and write-only modes,

// can not be exposed safely to JavaScript. GetBufferSubData

// replaces it for the purpose of fetching data back from the GPU.

void getBufferSubData(GLenum target, GLintptr srcByteOffset, ArrayBufferView dstData,

optional GLuint dstOffset = 0, optional GLuint length = 0);

/* Framebuffer objects */

void blitFramebuffer(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0,

GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1, GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter);

void framebufferTextureLayer(GLenum target, GLenum attachment, WebGLTexture? texture, GLint level,

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