衍射物理：John M. Cowley的权威教材

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"Diffraction Physics" 是一本由John M. Cowley编写的关于衍射物理的教材，特别针对透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM）领域。这本书经历了多次修订和再版，首次出版于1975年，最新的第三修订版发行于1995年。书中涵盖了衍射物理的基础理论、实验技术和应用，是理解TEM技术的重要参考书。 衍射物理是研究光、声波或物质波在遇到障碍物或通过孔径时，其波前发生弯曲、扩散和干涉现象的科学。在TEM中，这个原理被用来观察和分析微小尺度的材料结构，如原子级别的晶体结构。透射电子显微镜利用高能电子束代替光，通过透射和衍射来获取样品内部的详细图像。 John M. Cowley作为TEM领域的先驱者，他的著作深入浅出地介绍了衍射物理的各个方面。教材可能包括了以下知识点： 1. **电磁波的衍射与波动理论**：讲解电磁波的基本性质，包括波长、频率和波前的概念，以及衍射如何由波的干涉产生。 2. **电子光学基础**：解释电子的波动性，电子束的形成，以及电子在电磁场中的传播和聚焦。 3. **布拉格定律**：阐述如何根据晶体的晶格结构预测电子束的衍射模式，以及如何通过衍射图案解析晶体结构。 4. **TEM仪器与操作**：介绍TEM的基本构造，包括电子枪、透镜系统、探测器等，并讲解如何操作和调整显微镜参数。 5. **衍射图案分析**：讨论衍射图案的形成，解析衍射数据以获取材料的晶体学信息，如晶向、晶格参数和缺陷结构。 6. **高分辨TEM（HRTEM）**：介绍HRTEM技术，用于观察原子级别的细节，以及如何解释HRTEM图像。 7. **动力学衍射理论**：探讨电子在晶体中的动态行为，包括电子能量损失谱（EELS）和相位问题。 8. **实际应用**：展示TEM在材料科学、纳米科技、生物科学等领域中的应用实例。 9. **实验技巧与问题**：涵盖实验中可能遇到的问题，如样品制备、电子束损害、信噪比优化等解决方案。 10. **数学工具**：介绍处理衍射数据所需的数学方法，如傅立叶变换和四元数运算。 这本教材不仅适合TEM研究人员和学生，也是材料科学家、物理学家和工程师了解衍射物理和TEM技术的宝贵参考资料。它包含详尽的文献引用和索引，便于读者深入研究和查找相关资料。

University Physics 13th edition Freeman pdf

2013-01-08 上传
University Physics E-version book for University students who enrolled into Physics 2 (Physics 1155)

Essential Physics 1

2009-06-18 上传
CONTENTS 1 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Invariants 1 1.2 Some geometrical invariants 2 1.3 Elements of differential geometry 5 1.4 Gaussian coordinates and the invariant line element 7 1.5 Geometry and groups 10 1.6 Vectors 13 1.7 Quaternions 13 1.8 3-vector analysis 16 1.9 Linear algebra and n-vectors 18 1.10 The geometry of vectors 21 1.11 Linear operators and matrices 24 1.12 Rotation operators 25 1.13 Components of a vector under coordinate rotations 27 2 KINEMATICS: THE GEOMETRY OF MOTION 2.1 Velocity and acceleration 33 2.2 Differential equations of kinematics 36 2.3 Velocity in Cartesian and polar coordinates 39 2.4 Acceleration in Cartesian and polar coordinates 41 3 CLASSICAL AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY 3.1 The Galilean transformation 46 3.2 Einstein’s space-time symmetry: the Lorentz transformation 48 3.3 The invariant interval: contravariant and covariant vectors 51 3.4 The group structure of Lorentz transformations 53 3.5 The rotation group 56 3.6 The relativity of simultaneity: time dilation and length contraction 57 3.7 The 4-velocity 61 4 NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS 4.1 The law of inertia 65 4.2 Newton’s laws of motion 67 4.3 Systems of many interacting particles: conservation of linear and angular vii momentum 68 4.4 Work and energy in Newtonian dynamics 74 4.5 Potential energy 76 4.6 Particle interactions 79 4.7 The motion of rigid bodies 84 4.8 Angular velocity and the instantaneous center of rotation 86 4.9 An application of the Newtonian method 88 5 INVARIANCE PRINCIPLES AND CONSERVATION LAWS 5.1 Invariance of the potential under translations and the conservation of linear momentum 94 5.2 Invariance of the potential under rotations and the conservation of angular momentum 94 6 EINSTEINIAN DYNAMICS 6.1 4-momentum and the energy-momentum invariant 97 6.2 The relativistic Doppler shift 98 6.3 Relativistic collisions and the conservation of 4- momentum 99 6.4 Relativistic inelastic collisions 102 6.5 The Mandelstam variables 103 6.6 Positron-electron annihilation-in-flight 106 7 NEWTONIAN GRAVITATION 7.1 Properties of motion along curved paths in the plane 111 7.2 An overview of Newtonian gravitation 113 7.3 Gravitation: an example of a central force 118 7.4 Motion under a central force and the conservation of angular momentum 120 7.5 Kepler’s 2nd law explained 120 7.6 Central orbits 121 7.7 Bound and unbound orbits 126 7.8 The concept of the gravitational field 128 7.9 The gravitational potential 131 8 EINSTEINIAN GRAVITATION: AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL RELATIVITY 8.1 The principle of equivalence 136 8.2 Time and length changes in a gravitational field 138 8.3 The Schwarzschild line element 138 8.4 The metric in the presence of matter 141 8.5 The weak field approximation 142 viii 8.6 The refractive index of space-time in the presence of mass 143 8.7 The deflection of light grazing the sun 144 9 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS 9.1 The Euler equation 149 9.2 The Lagrange equations 151 9.3 The Hamilton equations 153 10 CONSERVATION LAWS, AGAIN 10.1 The conservation of mechanical energy 158 10.2 The conservation of linear and angular momentum 158 11 CHAOS 11.1 The general motion of a damped, driven pendulum 161 11.2 The numerical solution of differential equations 163 12 WAVE MOTION 12.1 The basic form of a wave 167 12.2 The general wave equation 170 12.3 The Lorentz invariant phase of a wave and the relativistic Doppler shift 171 12.4 Plane harmonic waves 173 12.5 Spherical waves 174 12.6 The superposition of harmonic waves 176 12.7 Standing waves 177 13 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND FOURIER SERIES 13.1 Definitions 179 13.2 Some trigonometric identities and their Fourier series 180 13.3 Determination of the Fourier coefficients of a function 182 13.4 The Fourier series of a periodic saw-tooth waveform 183 APPENDIX A SOLVING ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 187 BIBLIOGRAPHY 198

请帮我看看这个代码，在python 3.7版本中显示operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (11,) (1000,) 请帮我改成可以运行的格式 import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from scipy.constants import c, pi # Input parameters wavelength = 380e-9 # m grating_constant = 1600e3 # m angle_range = np.linspace(-10, 10, 1000) # degrees # Convert angle to radians theta = np.deg2rad(angle_range) # Calculate grating period and wavenumber grating_period = 1 / grating_constant k = 2 * pi / wavelength # Calculate diffraction orders m = np.arange(-5, 6) # diffraction orders order_wavenumbers = m * k order_angles = np.rad2deg(np.arcsin(order_wavenumbers / grating_constant)) # Calculate diffraction efficiency diff_efficiency = np.sin(m * pi * grating_period * np.sin(theta))**2 / (m * pi * grating_period * np.sin(theta))**2 # Plot diffraction efficiency vs angle plt.plot(angle_range, diff_efficiency) plt.xlabel('Angle (degrees)') plt.ylabel('Diffraction efficiency') plt.title('Diffraction pattern for a grating with a constant of {} mm^-1'.format(grating_constant/1000)) plt.show()

2023-05-24 上传
这个错误通常是由于数组的形状不匹配导致的。...plt.title('Diffraction pattern for a grating with a constant of {} mm^-1'.format(grating_constant/1000)) plt.show() ``` 希望这可以帮助你解决问题。

Open the first file and push data in numpy.array for plotting -ray diffraction diagram.

2023-05-30 上传
Here is an example code to read the data and plot the X-ray diffraction diagram using matplotlib: ```python import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt filename = "drx-sample1.xy" data = np....

result = fresnel_diffraction(image, wavelength, distance)ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

2024-03-08 上传
根据你提供的错误信息，这个错误是由于在调用函数`fresnel_diffraction(image, wavelength, distance)`时返回的结果数量与期望的不一致导致的。期望的是返回两个值，但实际返回的值过多。 可能的原因是函数`fresnel...

请用python语言编写如下片段：Download the data drx-sample1.xy, drx-sample2.xy, drx-sample3.xy,drx-sample4.xy and drx-sample5.xy and place them on your current python working directory.Read these data with your favorite text editor.Then,Open the first file and push data in numpy.array for plotting X-ray diffraction diagram.ou should obtain something like.

2023-05-31 上传
# Open the first file and push data into a numpy array for plotting the X-ray diffraction diagram data = np.loadtxt('drx-sample1.xy') x = data[:, 0] y = data[:, 1] # Plot the X-ray diffraction ...

paper metalenses at visible wavelengths:diffraction-limited focusing andsubw

2023-09-05 上传
纸质金属透镜是指一种创新的透镜材料，由纸质基底与金属纳米结构相结合制成，用于可见光波长范围内的光学聚焦。纸质金属透镜利用金属纳米结构对光的折射、反射和透射来改变光的传播方向和聚焦性能。...

Automatize this process for all the x-ray diffraction files and display x-ray diagrams on asame figure with the subplot function. In addition, you should display on each diagram : 1. the file name 2. the position angle of the first peak computed with the fitting function3. vertical lines that highlights the peak positions

2023-06-02 上传
To automate this process for all the x-ray diffraction files, you can use a loop to iterate through each file in a directory. Here's an example code snippet in Python: ```python import os import ...

matlab gui lunwen,用MatlabGUI模拟圆环和矩形环夫琅禾费衍射

2023-05-25 上传
diffraction_pattern = diffraction_pattern ./ max(max(diffraction_pattern)); imshow(diffraction_pattern, 'Parent', handles.axes1); % --- Executes on button press in rectangle_button. function ...

请用matlab gui设计一款用于演示单矩孔和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射用户界面。 该界面能够接受的输入参数如下：菜单栏可以选择单矩孔和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射，矩形长宽，圆孔的孔径，波长需在界面上手动输入。 该界面的演示效果应为：从菜单栏选取相应的夫琅禾费衍射时，界面刷新到相应的参数填入：矩形孔夫琅禾费衍射需矩形长宽和波长，没有圆孔孔径输入提示；圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射需有孔径大小和波长的填写，无其他参数填写提示点击运行可以出现相应的衍射演示。并给出程序和操作步骤

2023-05-25 上传
% DIFFRACTION_GUI, by itself, creates a new DIFFRACTION_GUI or raises the existing % singleton*. % % H = DIFFRACTION_GUI returns the handle to a new DIFFRACTION_GUI or the handle to % the existing ...
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