20 • Atomic Scala • The Shell
Basic Shell Operations
The shell operations we show here are approximately identical across
operating systems. Here are the essential operations in a shell, ones
we use in this book:
Change directory: Use cd followed by the name of the directory
where you want to move, or “cd ..” if you want to move up a
directory. If you want to move to a new directory while
remembering where you came from, use pushd followed by the
new directory name. Then, to return to the previous directory,
just say popd.
Directory listing: ls displays all the files and subdirectory names
in the current directory. Use the wildcard ‘*’ (asterisk) to narrow
your search. For example, if you want to list all the files ending
in “.scala,” you say ls *.scala. If you want to list the files starting
with “F” and ending in “.scala,” you say ls F*.scala.
Create a directory: use the mkdir (“make directory”) command,
followed by the name of the directory you want to create. For
example, mkdir books.
Remove a file: Use rm (“remove”) followed by the name of the
file you wish to remove. For example, rm somefile.scala.
Remove a directory: use the rm -r command to remove the files
in the directory and the directory itself. For example, rm -r
books.
Repeat the last argument of the previous command line (so you
don’t have to type it over again in your new command). Within
your current command line, type !$ in Mac/Linux and $$ in
Powershell.
Command history: history in Mac/Linux and h in Powershell.
This gives you a list of all the commands you’ve entered, with
numbers to refer to when you want to repeat a command.
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