Go编程入门：构建可靠可扩展程序

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"Introducing Go" 是一本由 Caleb Doxsey 撰写的关于 Go 语言的书籍，旨在帮助读者理解和学习如何使用 Go 语言构建可靠且可扩展的程序。这本书由 O'Reilly Media 出版，适用于教育、商业和销售推广用途。 Go 语言，也称为 Golang，是 Google 在 2009 年推出的一种静态类型、编译型、并发型且具有垃圾回收功能的编程语言。Go 语言的设计目标是提高开发者的生产力，同时保持系统的高效率和可靠性。其语法简洁明了，强调并发编程和内存安全，特别适合于构建大规模的分布式系统和网络服务。书中的主要内容可能涵盖以下几个方面： 1. **Go 语言基础**：包括变量、常量、数据类型、控制结构（如 if、for、switch）、函数等基本语法元素。此外，还会介绍 Go 的包管理和模块系统，以及如何组织代码。 2. **并发编程**：Go 语言以其独特的 goroutines 和 channels 机制著称，这是实现高效并发的关键。书中会详细解释这两个概念，以及如何使用它们来构建并发程序。 3. **内存管理与垃圾回收**：Go 自带了垃圾回收机制，使得开发者无需手动管理内存，但了解其工作原理对于编写高效代码至关重要。 4. **错误处理**：Go 通过返回错误值而非抛出异常来进行错误处理，这种模式需要程序员习惯性的检查错误，以确保程序的健壮性。 5. **接口与反射**：Go 的接口提供了一种动态多态性，反射则允许在运行时检查和操作类型。这些特性使 Go 语言在设计上具有很高的灵活性。 6. **标准库**：Go 有一个强大的标准库，包括网络、加密、I/O、操作系统接口等多个领域。了解和使用这些库可以极大地提升开发效率。 7. **测试与调试**：Go 提供了内置的测试框架，方便进行单元测试和基准测试，还有工具支持高效的调试。 8. **性能优化**：如何利用 Go 语言的特性优化程序性能，包括内存使用、CPU 使用率和并发性能。 9. **部署与维护**：介绍如何构建、打包和部署 Go 程序，以及监控和维护生产环境中的 Go 应用。 10. **最佳实践**：作者可能会分享一些编写高质量 Go 代码的建议和业界的最佳实践。 "Introducing Go" 是一本全面介绍 Go 语言的指南，适合初学者和有一定经验的开发者，可以帮助读者快速掌握 Go 语言，并运用到实际项目中去构建可靠的、可扩展的系统。

Your First Program

Traditionally, the first program you write in any programming language is called a

“Hello, World” program—a program that simply outputs Hello, World to your ter‐

minal. Let’s write one using Go.

First, create a new folder where you can store our “Hello, World” program. Create a

folder named ~/src/golang-book/chapter1. From the terminal, you can do this by

entering the following commands:

On Windows

md src\golang-book\chapter1

On OS X

mkdir -p src/golang-book/chapter1

Open your text editor, create a new file, and enter the following:

package main

import "fmt"

// this is a comment

func main() {

fmt.Println("Hello, World")

}

Make sure your file is identical to what is shown here and save it as main.go in the

folder we just created. Open up a new terminal and type in the following:

cd src/golang-book/chapter1

go run main.go

You should see Hello, World displayed in your terminal. The go run command

takes the subsequent files (separated by spaces), compiles them into an executable

saved in a temporary directory, and then runs the program. If you didn’t see Hello,

World displayed, you may have made a mistake when typing in the program. The Go

compiler will give you hints about where the mistake lies. Like most compilers, the

Go compiler is extremely pedantic and has no tolerance for mistakes.

4 | Chapter 1: Getting Started

keep in mind is that an opening " character must eventually be followed by a closing

" character and anything in between the two is included in the string (the " character

itself is not part of the string).

The line that starts with // is known as a comment. Comments are ignored by the Go

compiler and are there for your own sake (or whoever picks up the source code for

your program). Go supports two different styles of comments: // comments in which

all the text between the // and the end of the line is part of the comment, and /* */

comments where everything between the asterisks is part of the comment (and may

include multiple lines).

After this, you see a function declaration:

func main() {

fmt.Println("Hello, World")

}

Functions are the building blocks of a Go program. They have inputs, outputs, and a

series of steps called statements that are executed in order. All functions start with the

keyword func followed by the name of the function (main, in this case), a list of zero

or more parameters surrounded by parentheses, an optional return type, and a body

which is surrounded by curly braces. This function has no parameters, doesn’t return

anything, and has only one statement. The name main is special because it’s the func‐

tion that gets called when you execute the program.

The final piece of our program is this line:

fmt.Println("Hello, World")

This statement is made of three components. First, we access another function inside

of the fmt package called Println (that’s the fmt.Println piece); Println means

“print line.” Then we create a new string that contains Hello, World and invoke (also

known as call or execute) that function with the string as the first and only argument.

At this point, you’ve already seen a lot of new terminology. Sometimes it’s helpful to

deliberately read your program out loud. One reading of the program we just wrote

might go like this:

Create a new executable program that references the fmt library and contains one

function called main. That function takes no arguments and doesn’t return anything. It

accesses the Println function contained inside of the fmt package and invokes it using

one argument—the string Hello, World.

The Println function does the real work in this program. You can find out more

about it by typing the following in your terminal:

godoc fmt Println

Among other things, you should see the output shown in Figure 1-1.

6 | Chapter 1: Getting Started

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Go编程入门：构建可靠可扩展程序

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