JFugue编程指南：用Java创作音乐

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"TheCompleteGuideToJFugue-v1.pdf - JFugue 4.0 的全英文完整指南文档，适用于 Java 平台的音乐作曲类库，简化 MIDI 操作。" JFugue 是一个用 Java 编程语言开发的开源库，专门用于音乐创作和处理。这个指南，即 "The Complete Guide to JFugue"，提供了对 JFugue 4.0 版本的详尽介绍，虽然当前版本已经更新到了 5.0，但该文档仍然对于理解和使用 JFugue 具有很高的参考价值。 JFugue 提供了一个高级的抽象层，使得开发者能够通过编程方式生成和操纵音乐。相比于直接操作 MIDI 文件，JFugue 提供了一种更简洁、更直观的方式来表达音乐逻辑。例如，你可以通过简单的字符串表示音符、节奏和和声，然后 JFugue 将这些字符串转换成实际的音乐输出。在指南中，你会找到如何使用 JFugue 的基础和进阶知识，包括： 1. **安装与设置**：如何将 JFugue 库添加到你的 Java 项目中，并进行基本的配置。 2. **音乐表示**：了解 JFugue 如何使用 MIDI 事件和音乐字符串来表示音符、节奏和动态。音乐字符串是一种特定的格式，它允许用文本形式描述音乐，如 "C D E F G A B C" 表示 C 大调的八度音阶。 3. **演奏音乐**：学习如何使用 JFugue 的 Player 类播放音乐，以及如何控制播放速度、音量等参数。 4. **音乐合成**：JFugue 支持合成音乐，可以创建复杂的乐曲结构，包括和弦、旋律线和节奏模式。 5. **音乐解析**：你可以解析已存在的 MIDI 文件，或者从其他音乐格式转换到 JFugue 的表示形式。 6. **实时交互**：JFugue 还支持实时的音乐交互，允许在程序运行时生成或修改音乐。 7. **音效控制**：控制乐器声音、效果器和音色，使你的音乐作品更具个性。 8. **高级功能**：如事件处理、音乐分析和算法作曲等，这些功能可以帮助你实现更复杂的音乐应用。 9. **错误处理和调试**：理解如何处理 JFugue 在运行时可能遇到的问题，以及如何调试音乐代码。在使用 JFugue 时，需要注意的是，虽然文档可能与最新版本（5.0）有所出入，但基本原理和核心概念应该保持一致。因此，开发者可能需要结合 JFugue 官方网站的更新文档或社区资源，以获取与最新版兼容的信息。 "The Complete Guide to JFugue" 是一份宝贵的资源，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获取关于 Java 音乐编程的宝贵知识。它将帮助你理解和掌握 JFugue，从而能够在你的 Java 应用中创造出生动且富有表现力的音乐。

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{

Player player = new Player();

Pattern pattern = new Pattern("C D E F G A B");

player.play(pattern);

System.exit(0); // If using Java 1.4 or lower

}

To compile and run this program from a command prompt, follow the following

steps (if you’re using Eclipse, NetBeans, or another Java editor, you may jump

ahead to the next section).

Step 1. To compile this program, enter this command at the command prompt,

replacing %JFUGUE_DIR% with the directory into which you have placed

jfugue.jar:

javac -classpath %JFUGUE_DIR%\jfugue.jar MyMusicApp.java

This will compile MyMusicApp.java and generate a .class file.

Step 2. To run the .class file, enter this line:

java -cp %JFUGUE_DIR%\jfugue.jar;. MyMusicApp

Be sure to copy this line exactly. The semicolon and period indicate

where Java will find the MyMusicApp class – in the current (i.e., “.”)

directory.

Special Note for Mac Users

If you’re using a Mac, replace the semicolon (;)

with a colon (:).

You might wonder why it's necessary to put System.exit(0); at the end of the

test program. Prior to Java 5.0 (also known as 1.5), the Java MIDI classes open a

number of threads, but they're not all closed properly when the song is done

playing (see Java bug 4735740). This prevents the program from ending on its

own, but it does not otherwise affect the execution of the program. Therefore,

the

System.exit(0); call is necessary to end the program when using versions of

Java earlier than 5.0.

Using JFugue from an Integrated Development Environment

If you’re using an Integrated Devlopment Environment (IDE), like Eclipse or

NetBeans, you’ll need to include the JFugue jar file into your project. If you’re

using Eclipse (http://www.eclipse.org

), go Project > Properties, select Java Build

Path, select the Libraries tab, and click the “Add JARs…” or “Add External JARs…”

button. Find jfugue.jar and add it to your project.

Personal Tip

For each of my projects, I create a lib directory, where I place

third-party jar files.

To run the test program from Eclipse, right-click on the test program’s filename

and select Run As…> Java Application.

Deciding which version of JFugue to use

The latest version of JFugue is 4.0, and it is designed to work with Java 5.0 (a.k.a.

Java 1.5) and later. A lot of MIDI bugs have been fixed in this version of Java .

See http://www.JFugue.org/download.html for a link to the Java MIDI bugs

fixed in Java 5.0.

If you’re limited to an older version of Java, you can still use JFugue. JFugue

version 2.1 works with Java versions 1.3 and 1.4. While JFugue 2.1 does not

contain all of the latest features, you can still create music using most of the

commonly used features of MusicStrings and Patterns. The JFugue download

page at http://www.JFugue.org/download.html contains lists of changes

between JFugue versions, so you can identify what features exist and do not exist

in JFugue 2.1. Since JFugue 2.1 is no longer actively supported, the source files

and JavaDoc are provided with the download.

Using MIDI Soundbanks

JFugue relies on Java’s MIDI capabilities to produce music. Java MIDI uses the

Java Sound engine, which in turn uses a soundbank to generate sounds using the

synthesizer. A soundbank is a collection of audio samples for each instrument

that are played by the synthesizer. A variety of soundbanks provided by Sun

Microsystems are available for free download; some of these may provide richer

sounds than the default soundbank that is packaged with the Java Runtime

Environment (JRE).

In addition, there are third-party MIDI soundbanks that have incredibly rich

sound. Many of these are available for purchase only. Try doing an online

search for “midi sound bank” to see some examples.

Author on a Soapbox

MIDI is often ridiculed as producing dry, unemotional, dinky

music – but in reality, MIDI is simply a format for communicating

musical events between electronic musical instruments. The

lack of freely available, widespread, symphonic-quality

soundbanks is what makes many developers think that MIDI is

not up to modern standards of music. Interestingly, this is a

belief held more commonly by software developers than

musicians. Fortunately, there are ways around this supposed

limitation, as you’ll see in the sections ahead.

Using Gervill to Load Soundbanks

When Sun Microsystems released Java under an open source license, there were

some interesting implications related to closed-source, licensed libraries that

were used by the JDK. One of these libraries is the audio synthesis library, which

is proprietary and cannot be released as open source software. In addition, the

current audio synthesis engine used in Java can only use GM soundbank files,

which is an unpublished, proprietary format that is not used as commonly as

some other soundbank formats, such as SoundFont from Creative Technology

Ltd. or Downloadable Sounds (DLS) from the MIDI Manufacturers Association

Incorporated.

In response to this limitation, a project known as the Audio Synthesis Engine

Project was started (see http://openjdk.java.net/projects/audio-engine) . The

goal of this project is to create a new, open source version of Java’s MIDI

synthesizer.

Gervill is a software synthesizer created as a proposal for the Audio Synthesis

Engine Project. It is open source, and is available at https://gervill.dev.java.net.

It is also very easy to use; here are the steps to get Gervill working with your

JFugue program (or any Java program that uses MIDI):

1. Include gervill.jar in your classpath (or, if you’re using an IDE, add it to

your Java Build Path)

That’s right, there’s only one step. Pretty easy!

Once you download and set up Gervill, you can use a variety of soundbanks that

you may be able to find for free, or you may soundbank that you can purchase.

For example, SONiVOX® has a selection of soundbanks that provide very rich

sounds (see http://www.sonivoxrocks.com).

The following code sample demonstrates how to use Gervill (or any replacement

audio synthesis engine) to load a downloaded soundbank and play music with

JFugue.

try {

// Get a Synthesizer from MidiSystem. If Gervill is in

// your classpath, this will return an instance of the

// Gervill synthesizer.

Synthesizer synth = MidiSystem.getSynthesizer();

synth.open();

// Load the soundbank file

Soundbank soundbank = MidiSystem.getSoundbank(

new File("name of soundbank file"));

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JFugue编程指南：用Java创作音乐

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