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Linux新手指南:0786-linux-fundamentals.pdf实战教程
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"《0786-linux-fundamentals.pdf》是一本经典的Linux入门教材,由Paul Cobbaut撰写,出版日期为2015年5月24日CEST。该书主要针对初级Linux系统管理员设计,旨在配合指导式学习,鼓励读者在实际操作的Linux计算机旁阅读,以便即时实践每个章节中的命令。对于想要深入了解自己Linux系统的家庭用户,这本书也具有一定的实用价值。 本书的核心目标不在于介绍Linux桌面应用程序,如文本编辑器、浏览器、邮件客户端、多媒体或办公应用,而是侧重于操作系统层面的基础知识,如系统管理、命令行操作、文件系统管理、网络配置等。作者建议读者在学习过程中结合实际操作,通过动手实践来加深理解。 参与LinuxTraining项目的贡献者包括Serge van Ginderachter,他负责构建脚本和基础设施设置;Ywein VandenBrande,专注于版权和法律条款部分;Hendrik DeVloed则贡献了构建头文件的pl脚本。此外,书的审阅工作也得到了Wouter Verhelst的支持。 获取更多关于本书的信息以及免费PDF版本,可以访问网址:http://linux-training.be。作者Paul Cobbaut可以通过电子邮件paul.cobbaut@gmail.com或LinkedIn个人主页<http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut>进一步交流。通过这些资源,读者将能获得一个系统且实践导向的Linux基础教育,为成为熟练的Linux用户奠定坚实的基础。"
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6
Chapter 2. distributions
This chapter gives a short overview of current Linux distributions.
A Linux distribution is a collection of (usually open source) software on top of a Linux
kernel. A distribution (or short, distro) can bundle server software, system management
tools, documentation and many desktop applications in a central secure software
repository. A distro aims to provide a common look and feel, secure and easy software
management and often a specific operational purpose.
Let's take a look at some popular distributions.
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distributions
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2.1. Red Hat
Red Hat is a billion dollar commercial Linux company that puts a lot of effort in developing
Linux. They have hundreds of Linux specialists and are known for their excellent support.
They give their products (Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora) away for free. While Red
Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is well tested before release and supported for up to seven
years after release, Fedora is a distro with faster updates but without support.
2.2. Ubuntu
Canonical started sending out free compact discs with Ubuntu Linux in 2004 and quickly
became popular for home users (many switching from Microsoft Windows). Canonical
wants Ubuntu to be an easy to use graphical Linux desktop without need to ever see a
command line. Of course they also want to make a profit by selling support for Ubuntu.
2.3. Debian
There is no company behind Debian. Instead there are thousands of well organised
developers that elect a Debian Project Leader every two years. Debian is seen as one of
the most stable Linux distributions. It is also the basis of every release of Ubuntu. Debian
comes in three versions: stable, testing and unstable. Every Debian release is named after
a character in the movie Toy Story.
2.4. Other
Distributions like CentOS, Oracle Enterprise Linux and Scientific Linux are based on
Red Hat Enterprise Linux and share many of the same principles, directories and
system administration techniques. Linux Mint, Edubuntu and many other *buntu named
distributions are based on Ubuntu and thus share a lot with Debian. There are hundreds of
other Linux distributions.
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distributions
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2.5. Which to choose ?
Below are some very personal opinions on some of the most popular Linux Distributions.
Keep in mind that any of the below Linux distributions can be a stable server and a nice
graphical desktop client.
Table 2.1. choosing a Linux distro
distribution name reason(s) for using
Red Hat Enterprise (RHEL) You are a manager and you want a good support contract.
CentOS You want Red Hat without the support contract from Red Hat.
Fedora You want Red Hat on your laptop/desktop.
Linux Mint You want a personal graphical desktop to play movies, music and games.
Debian My personal favorite for servers, laptops, and any other device.
Ubuntu Very popular, based on Debian, not my favorite.
Kali You want a pointy-clicky hacking interface.
others Advanced users may prefer Arch, Gentoo, OpenSUSE, Scientific, ...
When you are new to Linux in 2015, go for the latest Mint or Fedora. If you only want to
practice the Linux command line then install one Debian server and/or one CentOS server
(without graphical interface).
Here are some links to help you choose:
distrowatch.com
redhat.com
centos.org
debian.org
www.linuxmint.com
ubuntu.com
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9
Chapter 3. licensing
This chapter briefly explains the different licenses used for distributing operating systems
software.
Many thanks go to Ywein Van den Brande for writing most of this chapter.
Ywein is an attorney at law, co-author of The International FOSS Law Book and author
of Praktijkboek Informaticarecht (in Dutch).
http://ifosslawbook.org
http://www.crealaw.eu
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licensing
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3.1. about software licenses
There are two predominant software paradigms: Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
and proprietary software. The criteria for differentiation between these two approaches is
based on control over the software. With proprietary software, control tends to lie more
with the vendor, while with Free and Open Source Software it tends to be more weighted
towards the end user. But even though the paradigms differ, they use the same copyright
laws to reach and enforce their goals. From a legal perspective, Free and Open Source
Software can be considered as software to which users generally receive more rights via
their license agreement than they would have with a proprietary software license, yet the
underlying license mechanisms are the same.
Legal theory states that the author of FOSS, contrary to the author of public domain
software, has in no way whatsoever given up his rights on his work. FOSS supports on the
rights of the author (the copyright) to impose FOSS license conditions. The FOSS license
conditions need to be respected by the user in the same way as proprietary license conditions.
Always check your license carefully before you use third party software.
Examples of proprietary software are AIX from IBM, HP-UX from HP and Oracle
Database 11g. You are not authorised to install or use this software without paying a
licensing fee. You are not authorised to distribute copies and you are not authorised to modify
the closed source code.
3.2. public domain software and freeware
Software that is original in the sense that it is an intellectual creation of the author benefits
copyright protection. Non-original software does not come into consideration for copyright
protection and can, in principle, be used freely.
Public domain software is considered as software to which the author has given up all rights
and on which nobody is able to enforce any rights. This software can be used, reproduced or
executed freely, without permission or the payment of a fee. Public domain software can in
certain cases even be presented by third parties as own work, and by modifying the original
work, third parties can take certain versions of the public domain software out of the public
domain again.
Freeware is not public domain software or FOSS. It is proprietary software that you can use
without paying a license cost. However, the often strict license terms need to be respected.
Examples of freeware are Adobe Reader, Skype and Command and Conquer: Tiberian
Sun (this game was sold as proprietary in 1999 and is since 2011 available as freeware).
3.3. Free Software or Open Source Software
Both the Free Software (translates to vrije software in Dutch and to Logiciel Libre in
French) and the Open Source Software movement largely pursue similar goals and endorse
similar software licenses. But historically, there has been some perception of differentiation
due to different emphases. Where the Free Software movement focuses on the rights (the
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