构建健壮的Web应用：JavaScript设计模式与实践

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《编程JavaScript应用程序》是一本由Eric Elliott撰写的专业书籍，专为提升JavaScript开发者的技术水平而设计。本书针对JavaScript在Web开发中的广泛应用，特别是客户端和服务器端，提供深入的指导，帮助读者构建健壮、可扩展和易于维护的大型应用。书中涵盖了一系列关键主题，旨在解决实际开发中常见的问题，如代码质量、模块化原则、异步操作、回调函数、Promise和Deferreds等。章节内容包括： 1. **AMD (Asynchronous Module Definition)**: 学习模块化开发，使代码结构更清晰，提高复用性。 2. **异步操作与回调**：理解如何在JavaScript中处理异步任务，避免回调地狱，提高代码的响应性和性能。 3. **Promise和Deferreds**: 掌握现代JavaScript的异步编程解决方案，使代码更加简洁和易于管理。 4. **代码质量与函数式编程**： - 函数多态性：学习如何编写更灵活的代码，适应不同场景。 - 函数作用域与闭包：理解这些概念如何影响代码组织和内存管理。 - 函数式编程和无状态函数：探索函数式编程风格及其在编写简洁、可复用代码中的优势。 - 立即执行函数表达式 (IIFE)：用于创建私有作用域和模块化结构。 5. **接口与命名参数**：规范函数和对象的接口，提高代码的可读性和可维护性。 6. **Node.js模块系统**：掌握Node.js中的模块加载和管理，实现模块化的开发流程。 7. **对象工厂与部分应用与柯里化**：创建高效且灵活的对象实例，以及控制函数参数的处理方式。 8. **插件与原则的模块化**：理解如何通过插件系统增强功能，遵循模块化最佳实践。 9. **原型继承与模式**：学习JavaScript的原型链和各种设计模式，如模块模式和原型克隆等。 10. **单元测试**：确保代码的质量和稳定性，通过测试驱动开发进行持续改进。此外，书中还预告了未来将探讨的高级主题，如： - **为大规模架构设计**：优化代码结构以应对不断增长的应用需求。 - **协作与团队开发**：提高团队协作效率，遵循软件开发的最佳实践。 - **构建、集成与部署**：介绍自动化工具，确保平稳的开发流程。 - **与服务器通信及API设计**：使用Node.js构建RESTful API，加强前后端交互。 - **事件驱动与模块化客户端应用架构**：采用现代前端开发技术构建高性能应用。 - **特性开关与国际化**：处理应用的可定制性和全球化需求。 - **日志记录与跨切关注点**：保持良好的错误追踪和系统监控。 - **分离关注点（MVC等）**：遵循面向对象设计原则，提升代码的组织和复用性。通过这本书，读者不仅能够巩固现有的JavaScript技能，还能学习到一系列实用的编程技巧和最佳实践，使他们的JavaScript应用程序更为强大和可靠。

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In 2004, Google launched Gmail. Initially applauded because it promised users nearly

infinite storage for their email, Gmail also brought a major revolution. Gone were the

page refreshes. Under the hood, Gmail was taking advantage of the new Ajax technology,

creating a single-page, fast, and responsive web application that would forever change

the way that web applications are designed.

Since that time, web developers have produced nearly every type of application, in‐

cluding full-blown, cloud-based office suites (see Zoho.com), social APIs like Facebook’s

JavaScript SDK, and even graphically intensive video games.

All of this is serving to prove Atwood’s Law: “Any application that can be written in

JavaScript, will eventually be written in JavaScript.”

Advantages of JavaScript

JavaScript didn’t just luck into its position as the dominant client-side language on the

Web. It is actually very well suited to be the language that took over the world. It is one

of the most advanced and expressive programming languages developed to date. The

following sections outline some of the features you may or may not be familiar with.

Performance

Just-in-time compiling: in modern browsers, most JavaScript is compiled, highly opti‐

mized, and executed like native code, so runtime performance is close to that of software

written in C or C++. Of course, there is still the overhead of garbage collection and

dynamic binding, so it is possible to do certain things faster; however, the difference is

generally not worth sweating over until you’ve optimized everything else. With Node.js

(a high-performance, evented, server-side JavaScript environment built on Google’s

highly optimized V8 JavaScript engine), JavaScript apps are event driven and non‐

blocking, which generally more than makes up for the code execution difference be‐

tween JavaScript and less dynamic languages.

Objects

JavaScript has very rich object-oriented (OO) features. The JSON (JavaScript Object

Notation) standard used in nearly all modern web applications for both communication

and data persistence is a subset of JavaScript’s excellent object-literal notation.

JavaScript uses a prototypal inheritance model. Instead of classes, you have object pro‐

totypes. New objects automatically inherit methods and attributes of their parent object

through the prototype chain. It’s possible to modify an object’s prototype at any time,

making JavaScript a very flexible, dynamic language.

2 | Chapter 1: The JavaScript Revolution

Prototypal OO is so much more flexible than classical inheritance that it’s possible to

mimic Java’s class-based OO and inheritance models in JavaScript virtually feature for

feature, and in most cases, with less code. The reverse is not true.

Contrary to common belief, JavaScript supports features like encapsulation, polymor‐

phism, multiple inheritance, and composition. You’ll learn more about these topics in

Chapter 3.

Syntax

The JavaScript syntax should be immediately familiar to anybody who has experience

with C-family languages, such as C++, Java, C#, and PHP. Part of JavaScript’s popularity

is due to its familiarity, though it’s important to understand that JavaScript behaves very

differently from all of these under the hood.

JavaScript’s object-literal syntax is so simple, flexible, and concise, it was adapted to

become the dominant standard for client/server communication in the form of JSON,

which is more compact and flexible than the XML that it replaced.

First-Class Functions

In JavaScript, objects are not a tacked-on afterthought. Nearly everything in JavaScript

is an object, including functions. Because of that feature, functions can be used anywhere

you might use a variable, including the parameters in function calls. That feature is often

used to define anonymous callback functions for asynchronous operations, or to create

higher order functions (functions that take other functions as parameters, return a func‐

tion, or both). Higher-order functions are used in the functional programming style to

abstract away commonly repeated coding patterns, such as iteration loops or other in‐

struction sets that differ mostly in the variables or data they consume.

Good examples of functional programing include functions like .map(), .reduce(),

and .forEach(). The Underscore.js library contains many useful functional utilities.

For simplicity, we’ll be making use of Underscore.js in this book.

Events

Inside the browser, everything runs in an event loop. JavaScript coders quickly learn to

think in terms of event handlers, and as a result, code from experienced JavaScript

developers tends to be well organized and efficient. Operations that might block pro‐

cessing in other languages happen concurrently in JavaScript.

If you click something, you want something to happen instantly. That impatience has

led to wonderful advancements in UI design, such as Google Instant and the ground‐

breaking address lookup on The Wilderness Downtown. (“The Wilderness Downtown”

is an interactive short film by Chris Milk set to the Arcade Fire song, “We Used To Wait.”

Advantages of JavaScript | 3

Take this example message, describing a collection of books:

[

{

"title" : "JavaScript: The Good Parts",

"author" : "Douglas Crockford",

"ISBN" : "0596517742"

{

"title" : "JavaScript Patterns",

"author" : "Stoyan Stefanov",

"ISBN" : "0596806752"

}

]

As you can see, this format is nearly identical to JavaScript’s object-literal syntax, with

a couple important differences:

• All attributes names and string values must be enclosed in double quotes. Other

values may appear in their literal form.

• JSON records cannot contain circular references.

• JSON cannot contain functions.

NoSQL Data Stores

Prior to the advent of Extensible Markup Language (XML) and JSON data stores, nearly

all web services were backed by RDBMS. An RDBMS stores discrete data points in tables

and groups data output using table lookups in response to SQL queries.

NoSQL data stores, in contrast, store entire records in documents or document snippets

without resorting to table-based structured storage. Document-oriented data stores

commonly store data in XML format, while object-oriented data stores commonly em‐

ploy the JSON format. The latter are particularly well suited to web application devel‐

opment, because JSON is the format you use to communicate natively in JavaScript.

Examples of popular JSON-based NoSQL data stores include MongoDB and

CouchDB. Despite the recent popularity of NoSQL, it is still common to find modern

JavaScript applications backed by MySQL and similar RDBMSs.

RESTful JSON Web Services

Representational State Transfer (REST) is a client-server communication architecture

that creates a separation of concerns between data resources and user interfaces (or

other data resource consumers, such as data analysis tools and aggregators). Services

that implement REST are referred to as RESTful. The server manages data resources

(such as user records). It does not implement the user interface (look and feel). Clients

6 | Chapter 1: The JavaScript Revolution

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构建健壮的Web应用：JavaScript设计模式与实践

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