在硬件方面，需要使用STM32F103微控制器和光电对管，将光电对管的输出连接到PA0引脚。同时，需要连接一个绿灯和一个红灯，绿灯连接到PE0引脚，红灯连接到PE8引脚。最后，需要连接一个计算机，用于发送命令和接收故障信息。设计代码

以下是基于STM32F103微控制器和uCOSIII操作系统的故障检测系统的设计代码：

#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include "ucos_ii.h"
#include "usart.h"

#define TASK1_PRIORITY 5
#define TASK2_PRIORITY 6

#define TASK1_STACK_SIZE 128
#define TASK2_STACK_SIZE 128

#define LED_GREEN_PIN GPIO_Pin_0
#define LED_GREEN_PORT GPIOE
#define LED_RED_PIN GPIO_Pin_8
#define LED_RED_PORT GPIOE
#define SENSOR_PIN GPIO_Pin_0
#define SENSOR_PORT GPIOA

static OS_STK Task1Stack[TASK1_STACK_SIZE];
static OS_STK Task2Stack[TASK2_STACK_SIZE];

static OS_EVENT *semaphore;

static void Task1(void *pdata);
static void Task2(void *pdata);

void GPIO_Configuration(void)
{
    GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;

    RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA | RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOE, ENABLE);

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = SENSOR_PIN;
    GPIO_Init(SENSOR_PORT, &GPIO_InitStructure);

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = LED_GREEN_PIN | LED_RED_PIN;
    GPIO_Init(LED_GREEN_PORT, &GPIO_InitStructure);
}

void USART_Configuration(void)
{
    USART_InitTypeDef USART_InitStructure;
    GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure;

    RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA | RCC_APB2Periph_USART1, ENABLE);

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_9;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;
    GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStructure);

    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING;
    GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_10;
    GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStructure);

    USART_InitStructure.USART_BaudRate = 115200;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_WordLength = USART_WordLength_8b;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_StopBits = USART_StopBits_1;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_Parity = USART_Parity_No;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_HardwareFlowControl = USART_HardwareFlowControl_None;
    USART_InitStructure.USART_Mode = USART_Mode_Rx | USART_Mode_Tx;
    USART_Init(USART1, &USART_InitStructure);

    USART_Cmd(USART1, ENABLE);
}

void USART_SendString(char *str)
{
    while (*str)
    {
        USART_SendData(USART1, *str++);
        while (USART_GetFlagStatus(USART1, USART_FLAG_TXE) == RESET);
    }
}

void USART_ReceiveString(char *str, uint16_t size)
{
    uint16_t i = 0;
    char c = 0;

    while (i < size)
    {
        while (USART_GetFlagStatus(USART1, USART_FLAG_RXNE) == RESET);

        c = USART_ReceiveData(USART1);

        if (c == '\r' || c == '\n')
        {
            break;
        }

        *str++ = c;
        i++;
    }

    *str = '\0';
}

void App_TaskCreate(void)
{
    OSTaskCreate(Task1, (void *)0, &Task1Stack[TASK1_STACK_SIZE - 1], TASK1_PRIORITY);
    OSTaskCreate(Task2, (void *)0, &Task2Stack[TASK2_STACK_SIZE - 1], TASK2_PRIORITY);
}

int main(void)
{
    OSInit();

    semaphore = OSSemCreate(0);

    GPIO_Configuration();
    USART_Configuration();

    App_TaskCreate();

    OSStart();

    while (1);
}

static void Task1(void *pdata)
{
    char command[12] = {0};

    while (1)
    {
        USART_ReceiveString(command, 12);

        if (strcmp(command, "202100171070") == 0)
        {
            GPIO_SetBits(LED_GREEN_PORT, LED_GREEN_PIN);
            OSSemPost(semaphore);
        }
    }
}

static void Task2(void *pdata)
{
    INT8U err;
    int prev_state = 1;
    int curr_state = 1;
    char message[6] = {0};

    while (1)
    {
        OSSemPend(semaphore, 0, &err);

        curr_state = GPIO_ReadInputDataBit(SENSOR_PORT, SENSOR_PIN);

        if (curr_state != prev_state)
        {
            if (curr_state == 0)
            {
                GPIO_ResetBits(LED_GREEN_PORT, LED_GREEN_PIN);
                GPIO_SetBits(LED_RED_PORT, LED_RED_PIN);
                USART_SendString("5a 83 52\r\n");
            }
            else
            {
                GPIO_ResetBits(LED_RED_PORT, LED_RED_PIN);
                USART_SendString("5a 83 96\r\n");
            }

            prev_state = curr_state;
        }
    }
}

以上是该故障检测系统的设计代码，包括GPIO口和串口的初始化、任务的创建、中断服务程序的实现等。在任务1中，通过串口接收计算机发送的命令，并对命令进行解析；在任务2中，不断地检测光电对管的状态，并在检测到故障时点亮红灯，并向计算机发送故障信息。