图像分割全解析:从阈值分割到聚类分割

发布时间: 2024-07-11 04:50:04 阅读量: 45 订阅数: 48
![图像分割全解析:从阈值分割到聚类分割](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/4e6ef46e7b584c6b99ce228c1f41ccba.png) # 1. 图像分割基础** 图像分割是计算机视觉中的一项基本任务,其目的是将图像分解为有意义的区域或对象。它在广泛的应用中发挥着至关重要的作用,例如目标检测、医学图像分析和遥感。 图像分割算法基于图像像素之间的相似性或差异来工作。相似性可以基于像素的强度、颜色、纹理或其他特征。差异可以基于像素之间的边缘或边界。 图像分割算法可以分为两大类:基于阈值的分割和基于区域的分割。基于阈值的分割通过将像素分类为前景或背景来工作,而基于区域的分割通过识别图像中的连通区域来工作。 # 2. 阈值分割 阈值分割是一种简单而有效的图像分割技术,它通过设置一个阈值将图像中的像素分为前景和背景。阈值分割的优点是计算简单,速度快,并且对噪声和光照变化不敏感。 ### 2.1 基本阈值分割 基本阈值分割将图像中的每个像素与一个阈值进行比较,如果像素值大于或等于阈值,则将其标记为前景;否则,将其标记为背景。基本阈值分割分为全局阈值分割和局部阈值分割。 #### 2.1.1 全局阈值分割 全局阈值分割使用一个全局阈值对整幅图像进行分割。该阈值通常是图像中像素值的平均值或中值。全局阈值分割简单易用,但其分割效果受图像光照和噪声的影响较大。 ```python import cv2 # 读取图像 image = cv2.imread('image.jpg', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) # 设置全局阈值 threshold = 128 # 进行全局阈值分割 _, binary_image = cv2.threshold(image, threshold, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY) # 显示分割结果 cv2.imshow('Binary Image', binary_image) cv2.waitKey(0) ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * `cv2.imread()` 函数读取图像并将其转换为灰度图像。 * `cv2.threshold()` 函数根据给定的阈值对图像进行二值化。如果像素值大于或等于阈值,则将其设置为 255(白色);否则,将其设置为 0(黑色)。 * `cv2.imshow()` 函数显示分割结果。 #### 2.1.2 局部阈值分割 局部阈值分割将图像划分为多个子区域,并为每个子区域计算一个局部阈值。局部阈值分割可以更好地适应图像光照和噪声的变化。 ```python import cv2 # 读取图像 image = cv2.imread('image.jpg', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) # 设置局部阈值分割参数 block_size = 31 offset = 15 # 进行局部阈值分割 binary_image = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(image, 255, cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C, cv2.THRESH_BINARY, block_size, offset) # 显示分割结果 cv2.imshow('Binary Image', binary_image) cv2.waitKey(0) ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * `cv2.adaptiveThreshold()` 函数根据给定的局部阈值分割参数对图像进行二值化。 * `block_size` 参数指定局部阈值计算的窗口大小。 * `offset` 参数指定局部阈值与窗口内像素平均值或中值的偏移量。 * `cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C` 参数指定使用高斯加权平均来计算局部阈值。 ### 2.2 自适应阈值分割 自适应阈值分割是一种改进的局部阈值分割方法,它可以根据图像的局部纹理和噪声自适应地调整阈值。自适应阈值分割有两种常用的方法:Otsu 阈值分割和 Sauvola 阈值分割。 #### 2.2.1 Otsu 阈值分割 Otsu 阈值分割是一种全局阈值分割方法,它通过最大化图像中前景和背景类间方差来选择最佳阈值。Otsu 阈值分割对图像光照和噪声不敏感,分割效果较好。 ```python import cv2 # 读取图像 image = cv2.imread('image.jpg', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) # 进行 Otsu 阈值分割 _, binary_image = cv2.threshold(image, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU) # 显示分割结果 cv2.imshow('Binary Image', binary_image) cv2.waitKey(0) ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * `cv2.threshold()` 函数使用 Otsu 阈值分割方法对图像进行二值化。 * `THRESH_BINARY` 参数指定生成二值图像。 * `THRESH_OTSU` 参数指定使用 Otsu 阈值分割方法。 #### 2.2.2 Sauvola 阈值分割 Sauvola 阈值分割是一种局部阈值分割方法,它通过计算每个像素周围邻域的平均值和标准差来调整阈值。Sauvola 阈值分割可以有效地抑制噪声和光照变化的影响。 ```python import cv2 # 读取图像 image = cv2.imread('image.jpg', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) # 设置 Sauvola 阈值分割参数 window_size = 15 k = 0.5 # 进行 Sauvola 阈值分割 binary_image = cv2.adaptiveThresho ```
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