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首页生成式层次神经网络构建端到端对话系统
生成式层次神经网络构建端到端对话系统
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更新于2024-08-03
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本文主要探讨了构建基于大规模对话数据集的端到端开放领域对话系统的方法,特别是利用生成性层次神经网络模型。生成性模型的核心理念是通过神经网络自动生成系统的响应,每个词都是独立产生的,这使得对话系统能够实现更加自然、灵活的人机交互体验。研究者们关注的重点在于将最近提出的层次递归编码器-解码器(Hierarchical Recurrent Encoder-Decoder, HRED)模型应用于对话任务,这种模型在处理自然语言理解和生成上展现了竞争力,甚至可以与最先进的神经语言模型和回退n-gram模型相媲美。 HRED模型的优势在于其多层次的结构,它首先通过上下文捕获模块(Encoder)对输入对话历史进行建模,捕捉对话的主题和语境信息,然后在解码阶段(Decoder)利用这些信息生成回应。这种方法允许模型理解对话的历史动态,并能生成连贯且相关的响应。然而,论文也探讨了此类方法的局限性,比如可能存在的过拟合问题、生成内容的多样性不足以及如何更好地处理长距离依赖等挑战。 作者通过实验对比验证了HRED模型的有效性,同时也提出了改进策略来优化性能,如调整模型结构、引入注意力机制或者使用更复杂的语言模型集成。他们希望这些工作能够为开发更加智能、适应性强的对话系统提供有价值的方向,促进未来对话技术的发展,特别是在人工智能领域。 这篇论文对于理解和设计端到端的开放领域对话系统具有重要意义,它展示了生成性层次神经网络模型在对话生成任务中的潜力,同时也为后续的研究者指出了进一步探索的方向。通过深入理解并解决生成性模型在对话系统中的问题,我们可以期待更加人性化的交互体验在实际应用中得以实现。
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Building End-To-End Dialogue Systems
Using Generative Hierarchical Neural Network Models
Iulian V. Serban
*
, Alessandro Sordoni
*
, Yoshua Bengio
1*
, Aaron Courville
*
and Joelle Pineau
†
*
Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, Universit
´
e de Montr
´
eal, Montreal, Canada
{iulian.vlad.serban,alessandro.sordoni,yoshua.bengio,aaron.courville} AT umontreal.ca
†
School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada jpineau AT cs.mcgill.ca
Abstract
We investigate the task of building open domain, conversa-
tional dialogue systems based on large dialogue corpora us-
ing generative models. Generative models produce system
responses that are autonomously generated word-by-word,
opening up the possibility for realistic, flexible interactions.
In support of this goal, we extend the recently proposed hier-
archical recurrent encoder-decoder neural network to the di-
alogue domain, and demonstrate that this model is compet-
itive with state-of-the-art neural language models and back-
off n-gram models. We investigate the limitations of this and
similar approaches, and show how its performance can be im-
proved by bootstrapping the learning from a larger question-
answer pair corpus and from pretrained word embeddings.
Introduction
Dialogue systems, also known as interactive conversational
agents, virtual agents and sometimes chatterbots, are used
in a wide set of applications ranging from technical sup-
port services to language learning tools and entertainment
(Young et al. 2013; Shawar and Atwell 2007). Dialogue sys-
tems can be divided into goal-driven systems, such as tech-
nical support services, and non-goal-driven systems, such as
language learning tools or computer game characters. Our
current work focuses on the second case, due to the avail-
ability of large corpora of this type, though the model may
eventually prove useful for goal-driven systems also.
Perhaps the most successful approach to goal-driven sys-
tems has been to view the dialogue problem as a partially
observable Markov decision process (POMDP) (Young et al.
2013). Unfortunately, most deployed dialogue systems use
hand-crafted features for the state and action space repre-
sentations, and require either a large annotated task-specific
corpus or a horde of human subjects willing to interact with
the unfinished system. This not only makes it expensive and
time-consuming to deploy a real dialogue system, but also
limits its usage to a narrow domain. Recent work has tried
to push goal-driven systems towards learning with few ex-
amples using constraints on the POMDP (Gasic et al. 2013)
as well as learning the observed features themselves with
neural network models (Henderson, Thomson, and Young
1
Y.B. is a CIFAR senior Fellow
Copyright
c
2015, Association for the Advancement of Artificial
Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
2014), yet such approaches still require either hand-crafted
features or large corpora of annotated task-specific simu-
lated conversations.
On the other end of the spectrum are the non-goal-
driven systems (Ritter, Cherry, and Dolan 2011; Banchs
and Li 2012; Ameixa et al. 2014). Most recently Sor-
doni et al. (2015b) and Shang et al. (2015) have drawn in-
spiration from the use of neural networks in natural lan-
guage modeling and machine translation tasks (Cho et al.
2014). There are several motivations for developing non-
goal-driven systems. First, they may be deployed directly
for tasks which do not naturally exhibit a directly measur-
able goal (e.g. language learning) or simply for entertain-
ment. Second, if they are trained on corpora related to the
task of a goal-driven dialogue system (e.g. corpora which
cover conversations on similar topics) then these models
can be used to train a user simulator, which can then train
the POMDP models discussed earlier (Young et al. 2013;
Pietquin and Hastie 2013). This would alleviate the expen-
sive and time-consuming task of constructing a large-scale
task-specific dialogue corpus. In addition to this, the fea-
tures extracted from the non-goal-driven systems may be
used to expand the state space representation of POMDP
models (Singh et al. 2002). This can help generalization to
dialogues outside the annotated task-specific corpora.
Our contribution is in the direction of end-to-end train-
able, non-goal-driven systems based on generative proba-
bilistic models. We define the generative dialogue problem
as modeling the utterances and interactive structure of the
dialogue. As such, we view our model as a cognitive sys-
tem, which has to carry out natural language understand-
ing, reasoning, decision making and natural language gen-
eration in order to replicate or emulate the behavior of the
agents in the training corpus. Our approach differs from
previous work on learning dialogue systems through inter-
action with humans (Young et al. 2013; Gasic et al. 2013;
Cantrell et al. 2012; Mohan and Laird 2014), because it
learns off-line through examples of human-human dialogues
and aims to emulate the dialogues in the training corpus in-
stead of maximize a task-specific objective function. Con-
trary to explanation-based learning (Mohan and Laird 2014)
and rule-based inference systems (Langley et al. 2014), our
model does not require a predefined state or action space
representation. These representations are instead learned
arXiv:1507.04808v3 [cs.CL] 6 Apr 2016
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