精要Python：用最少代码构建实用工具

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《精简Python：仅需足够构建实用工具》是一本由Paul Gerrard编写的轻量级教程，旨在帮助读者学习Python的基础知识，避免陷入不必要的复杂功能中。这本书特别强调了作者常用的15个Python方法和函数，他认为这些就足以满足初学者甚至进阶者的实际需求，无需深入学习其他可能用不上的内容。该书适合三类读者：有经验的程序员，希望快速理解和掌握Python语言以及其设计理念；信息技术行业的从业者，如测试人员，需要提升与开发人员的技术交流能力；对于编程新手来说，这是一本入门书籍，可以帮助他们决定是否选择编程作为职业方向。本书共分为12章，内容涵盖了从基础开始，包括但不限于： 1. **第1章：入门** - 引导读者熟悉Python环境，设置基本的编程环境和概念。 2. **第2章：Python对象** - 讲解Python中的数据类型、对象和属性，以及如何创建和操作它们。 3. **第3章：程序结构** - 探讨代码组织、函数定义和模块化编程的重要性。 4. **第4章：输入和输出** - 学习如何处理用户输入、控制台输出以及文件操作。 5. **第5章：使用模块** - 介绍Python的标准库和第三方模块，如何利用它们扩展功能。 6. **第6章：面向对象编程** - 深入理解类、对象和继承等面向对象编程的核心概念。 7. **第7章：异常和错误处理** - 学习如何捕获、处理和避免程序运行时的错误和异常。 8. **第8章：测试代码** - 掌握单元测试和调试技巧，确保代码质量。 9. **第9章：访问网络** - 教授如何使用Python进行网络请求、API调用以及数据抓取。 10. **第10章：搜索** - 学习如何在文本、网页或数据库中进行搜索和数据查找。 11. **第11章：数据库操作** - 概述数据库连接、查询和数据存储的基本知识。 12. **第12章：下一步** - 提供进一步学习的资源和建议，为读者提供后续发展路径。此外，本书还提供了ISBN号和版权信息，强调了所有权利保留，并声明所有内容受版权保护，禁止未经许可的复制、传播或改编。如果你正在寻找一本简洁而实用的Python教程，这本书无疑是一个理想的选择，它能帮助你高效地建立和使用Python工具。

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■ PREFACE

xix

• You work in IT and need a programming primer : You might be a

tester who needs to have more informed technical discussions

with programmers. Working through the examples will help you

to appreciate the challenge of good programming.

• First-timer : You want a first book on programming that you can

assimilate quickly to help you decide whether programming is

for you.

If you require a full-fat, 1,000-page reference book for the Python language, this

book is not for you. If you require a primer, appetizer, or basic reference, this book should

satisfy your needs.

What This Book Is

This little book provides a sequential learning guide to a useful and usable subset of the

Python programming language. Its scope and content are deliberately limited and based

on my own experience of using Python to build interactive web sites (using the Web2py

web development framework [3]) and many command-line utilities.

This book accompanies the one- and two-day programming courses that I created

to help people grasp the basics of a programming language quickly. It isn’t a full language

reference book, but a reference for people in the course and for whom the Lean Python

subset is enough (at least initially).

What This Book Is Not

This book is not intended to be a definitive guide to Python.

Code Comprehension

The initial motivation for writing this book was to help provide nontechnical (i.e.,

nonprogrammer) testers with an appreciation of programming so they could work more

closely with the professional programmers on their teams. Critical to this is the skill I call

code comprehension, which is your ability to read and understand program code.

Like spoken and written languages, it is usually easier to comprehend written

language than write it from scratch. If the book helps you to appreciate and understand

written program code, then the book will have succeeded in its first goal.

Python Style Guidelines

One of the most important attributes of code is that it is written to be read by people,

not just computers. The Python community gives this goal a high priority. In your own

company, you might already have programming or Python guidelines; the Python team

have provided some that are widely used [4].

■ PREFACE
xx
 I have tried to follow the guidelines in the sample code and programs. However, 
in the pocket book format, there is less horizontal space, so sometimes I have had to 
squeeze code a little to fit it on the page. I tend to use mixed case, e.g.,  addTwoNumbers   in 
my variable and function names. 
4
  
 Some of my code comments, particularly in the early pages, are there to explain 
what, for example, an assignment does. You would not normally expect to see such 
“stating the obvious” comments in real code. 
 “Pythonistas” take the readability goal seriously, and so should you. 
 There is also a set of design principles you might consult. The Zen of Python sets 
them out [5]. I’m sure I could have written better examples; if you see an opportunity to 
improve readability or design, let me know.  
   Structure 
    The first seven chapters cover the core features of Python. The later chapters introduce 
some key libraries and how you can use them to write useful applications. 
 Chapter   
 1     introduces the interpreter, the basic syntax of the language, the normal 
layout, and the conventions of Python. Chapter  
 2     describes the core Python objects that 
you will use and need to understand. Chapter  
 3     sets out how programs are structured 
and controlled using decisions and loops. Chapter  
 4     tells you how to get data into and out 
of your programs with the command line, display, and disk files. Chapter  
 5      introduces 
modules that help you to manage your own code and access the thousands of existing 
libraries. Chapter  
 6     gives you a flavor for object orientation. Objects and classes are the 
key building blocks that programmers use. Chapter  
 7     presents methods for trapping 
errors and exceptions to allow your programs to be “under control” whatever happens. 
 Chapter   
 8     describes how you can use the  unittest  framework to test your code in a 
professional manner. Chapter  
 9     introduces libraries allowing you to create a web client 
and download pages from web sites. Chapter  
 10     presents regular expressions as the 
mechanism for more sophisticated searching and pattern-matching. Chapter  
 11     gives you 
techniques for creating and using the SQLite relational database for persistent storage. 
Chapter  
 12     asks “What Next?” and offers some suggestions for further development of 
your Python programming skills. 
 An Appendix contains references to web sites, books and tools, and the Python 
exception hierarchy. An index is included at the end of the book.  
   Using  Python 
   Downloading  Python 
 All  Python downloads   can be found at    https://www.python.org/downloads/     . 
 You need to choose a Python version before you download. There are currently two 
versions:
•     Version 2 is coming to the end of its life but is still widely used.  
•    Version 3 has been around for some time; people have been slow 
to convert but it is gaining a following.    
   
4
  The guideline suggests  lower_case_with_underscores .  

■ PREFACE

xxi

The example code in this book assumes you are using Version 3. If you use Python

Version 2 you will notice a few differences. You can read a discussion of the two Python

versions in [6].

Sample Programs Download

Downloadable sample programs can be found at http://leanpy.com/?page_id=37 .

All the sample programs have been tested on Windows 8, Ubuntu Linux 13, and my

trusty Raspberry Pi running Linux. If you use a Mac, you should not have problems.

External Libraries

A major benefit to using Python is the enormous range of free libraries that are available

for use. The vast majority of these libraries can be found on the PyPI site [7]. When I last

looked, there were 46,554 packaged libraries hosted there.

Depending on your operating system (Windows, Mac or Linux), there are several

ways of performing installations of Python libraries. The one I find easiest to use is the PIP

installer [19] which works nicely with the PyPI site.

Editing Your Python Code

I recommend using either a language-sensitive editor or the editor that comes with your

Python installation.

• On Windows, use the IDLE Integrated Development Environment

( IDE ) or perhaps Notepad++.

• On Linux, there is a selection of editors— vi, vim, emacs,

gedit , and so on; I use gedit .

• On OS X, TextMate works fine, but there are other options.

When you are more experienced, you might upgrade to using an IDE. There

is a list of Python-compatible IDEs available at

https://wiki.python.org/moin/

IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments

Feedback, Please!

I am very keen to receive your feedback and experience to enhance the format and

content of the book. Give me feedback and I’ll acknowledge you in the next edition.

Any errors or omissions are my fault entirely. Please let me know how I can improve

this book. E-mail me at paul@gerrardconsulting.com with suggestions or errors.

Downloads, errata, further information, and a reading list can be found on the book’s

web site at

leanpy.com .

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