ASHRAE IJHVAC 11-3: 美国采暖与制冷工程研究期刊

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"ASHRAE IJHVAC 11-3.pdf" 是一份由ASHRAE（美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会）出版的国际期刊《 Heating, Ventilating, Air-conditioning and Refrigerating Research》的一部分。这份期刊专注于发表有关暖通空调和制冷技术的研究文章，旨在推动该领域的科技进步和技术创新。 ASHRAE（American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers）是全球知名的行业协会，致力于制定和更新关于建筑环境系统的设计、运行和维护的标准与指南。这个组织的工作涵盖了广泛的领域，包括建筑设计、能源效率、室内空气质量、可再生能源应用以及制冷系统的环保等方面。这篇期刊由Reinhard Radermacher博士担任主编，他同时也是美国马里兰大学机械工程系的教授和环境能源工程中心的主任。期刊还有一系列的副编辑，如James E. Braun博士、Alberto Cavallini博士、Qingyan (Yan) Chen博士、Arthur L. Dexter D.Phil. C.Eng.教授和Srinivas Garimella博士，他们都是各自研究领域的专家，分别来自美国、意大利、英国等知名学术机构。期刊的内容可能包括但不限于以下主题： 1. **暖通空调系统设计**：探讨如何优化建筑物的气候控制，包括热舒适性、能效和经济性的平衡。 2. **制冷技术**：研究新的制冷剂、制冷系统设计和制冷过程的能源效率提升。 3. **能源效率**：分析如何在满足建筑环境需求的同时，减少能源消耗并提高能源利用效率。 4. **室内空气质量**：关注如何通过通风和空气净化技术改善室内环境，以保障人体健康。 5. **可再生能源**：探索太阳能、地热能、风能等可再生能源在暖通空调系统中的应用。 6. **环境影响**：评估暖通空调和制冷技术对环境的影响，包括温室气体排放和制冷剂对臭氧层的潜在破坏。 7. **实验研究与模拟**：介绍针对新技术和新设计的实验方法和结果，以及基于计算机的模拟工具在系统性能预测中的应用。 8. **标准与规范**：讨论ASHRAE及其他相关机构发布的标准和指南对行业实践的影响。这份资料对于暖通空调和制冷行业的专业人士、研究人员、学生以及关心建筑环境质量的人来说，是一份极其重要的参考资料。它不仅提供了最新的研究成果，也促进了行业内的知识交流和技术进步。通过深入阅读和研究这些文章，读者可以了解到该领域的最新发展动态，从而改进设计策略，提高系统性能，以及更好地应对能源和环境挑战。

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350

160

120-

HVAC&R RESEARCH

375

Wa,

e150

kd(mzs),

q=10 kW/mz,

D,=l0.92

Stratified&stratltiea

wavy

fiou

‘

pure refrigerant

annular

flow

pure

refrigerant

ury-out

Figure

Wetted angle

vs.

quality (predicted with Kattan et al. flow map).

ity. Thus, the increase in the predicted wetted surface might not be large enough to compensate

for the degradation in convective evaporation due to the presence of oil. This could be one of the

reasons why the heat transfer model did not predict the heat transfer enhancement at low oil con-

centration and low vapor quality.

For improving the flow boiling model for refrigerant-oil mixtures, an accurate prediction of

flow pattern

extremely important. Furthermore, the addition of a nucleate boiling component,

foaming effect, and mass transfer resistance may benefit the flow-pattern-dependent heat trans-

fer model.

the other hand, the oil influence must be more challenging for flow boiling in

internally enhanced tubes.

discussed, in the enhanced tubes the flow patterns are very differ-

ent from those in a smooth tube, and the local oil accumulation becomes apparent at high qual-

ity. Hence, the flow-pattern-dependent model is

not

recommended for cases of enhanced tubes.

Several investigators attempted to use a pure refrigerant correlation together with mixture

properties to predict the refrigerant-oil flow boiling coefficient, such as Schlager et al. (1990b)

and Yoshida et al. (1991). However, these correlations appeared to only be able to predict the

degraded heat transfer due

the oil presence. Hambraeus et al. (1995) used the Shah (1982)

correlation with a refrigerant-oil viscosity prediction method

simulate the behavior of R-134a

mixed with three

oils

with different viscosities. For all oils, the correlation with the mixture vis-

cosity calculation successfully predicted the decrease in heat transfer coefficients. The results

were better than the ones predicted by the semi-empirical correlations of Chaddock and Mathur

(1980), Tichy et al. (1986a), and Schlager et al. (1990b) since these correlations were developed

for different refrigerant-oil pairs. In the case that the

oil

concentration is unknown, Cawte et al.

(1996) suggested using the Shah (1982) correlation as a conservative estimate of the refriger-

ant-oil flow boiling when the oil mass is not taken into account in the overall mass flow rate.

Most of the semi-empirical correlations reviewed were developed from pure refrigerant prop-

erties, Le., using the “oil contamination” method. Thus, they can only be recommended for par-

ticular refrigerant-pairs. They are Chaddock and Mathur (1980) for R-22/3GS; Tichy et al.

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VOLUME

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(1986a) for R-12/300-SUS; Schlager et al. (1990b) for R-22/150-SUS and R-22/300-SUS; Eck-

els et al. (1994, 1998a) for R-134d169-SUS, R-134d369-SUS, and R-134a/150-SUS; Cawte et

al. (1996) for R-22/Shell Clavus 32; and Usmani and Ravigururajan (1999) for R-12/oil,

R-22/oil, and R-134doil. Their application ranges are mentioned in Table A2 in the appendix.

SUMMARY AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

In general, the results presented in the literature with respect to the lubricant influence on

refrigerant boiling are highly inconsistent thus far. There are many trade-offs in each subject that

need further explanation. All collected correlations have apparent limitations. Studies that focus

on identifiing the physical explanations

observed phenomena are recommended. Based

the current review, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Lubricant influence

refrigerant pool boiling:

a. The effect of lubricant concentration

pool boiling is not consistent due to different

b. The enhanced heated surfaces appear to get more adverse influences from lubricants.

c. Some investigators speculated that foaming could be an important factor to enhance pool

boiling. But, from Kedzierski’s theory, the impact of foaming seems to be not

impor-

tant. Anyway, foaming is believed to be an important factor that should be investigated

further.

d. The behavior of local lubricant accumulation

dominant during the refrigerant-oil pool

boiling. The concept of the oil excess layer at the liquid-solid interface, proposed by

Kedzierski (2001), seems to be the most solid theory in this area.

working conditions, e.g., saturation temperature, foaming, oil type, etc.

Lubricant influence on refrigerant flow boiling:

indicated by Thome (1998), the enhancement of the nucleate boiling component and

increased wetted surface was found to benefit the refrigerant-oil flow boiling. In addi-

tion, foaming could be a significant factor to increase the wetted surface. These three

positive factors due to the oil presence tend to enhance the flow boiling.

The high mixture viscosity and mass transfer resistance are considered primary negative

factors that impair the flow boiling.

c. The effects of flow pattern, vapor quality, mass flux, etc., can be explained by associat-

ing their impacts with the foregoing three positive factors and two negative factors due

to the oil presence.

d. The lubricant influences on smooth tubes and enhanced tubes are different. Enhanced

tubes tend to suppress the effects of lubricant to promote annular flow and foaming.

e. Thome indicated that the flow-pattern-dependent theory of Kattan et al., together with

local mixture property predictions,

a promising method to explain the observed phe-

nomena with respect to flow boiling

refrigerant-oil mixtures

smooth tubes. How-

ever, a more accurate flow map for refrigerant-oil mixtures, which should predict the

increase in wetted surface due to the oil presence, might be necessary to support this the-

ory. In addition, enhancement in nucleate boiling and the effect of foaming need

taken into account.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schlager, L.M.,

A.E.

Bergles, and M.B. Pate.

1987.

survey

refrigerant

heat transfer and pressure drop

Schlager, L.M.,

M.B.

Pate,

and

A.E.

Bergles.

1990a.

Performance predictions

refrigerant-oil mixtures

emphasizing oil effects and in-tube augmentation.

ASHRAE

Transactions

93(

1):392-416.

smooth

and

internally

finned tubes-Pari

Literature

review.

ASHRAE.

Transactions 96(

i):

160-169.

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352

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RESEARCH

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