Perl自动化系统管理第二版

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"《Automating System Administration with Perl 2nd Edition》是大卫·N·布兰克-埃德尔曼(David N. Blank-Edelman)撰写的一本关于使用Perl进行系统管理自动化的书籍，由O'Reilly Media, Inc.出版。这本书主要探讨如何利用Perl语言提高系统管理的效率和自动化程度。" 本书详细介绍了如何利用Perl这个强大的脚本语言来自动化各种系统管理任务。Perl在系统管理领域有着广泛的应用，因其灵活、强大且适合处理文本数据的特性而受到青睐。作者David N. Blank-Edelman是一位经验丰富的Perl开发者和系统管理员，他在这本书中分享了如何利用Perl来解决日常的系统管理问题。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **Perl基础知识**：包括Perl语法、变量、控制结构、函数、正则表达式等，这些都是进行系统管理自动化的基础。 2. **文件和文件系统操作**：Perl提供了丰富的文件和目录操作接口，可以方便地进行文件读写、文件系统监控以及备份和恢复操作。 3. **网络编程**：Perl可以用于网络通信和协议处理，如HTTP、FTP、SMTP等，对于监控网络服务和自动化网络任务很有帮助。 4. **系统接口**：Perl可以调用操作系统API，进行进程管理、系统信息获取、系统日志分析等，实现对系统的深度控制。 5. **模块和库**：Perl拥有庞大的第三方模块库(CPAN)，涵盖各种系统管理工具，如Net::SSH for远程执行命令，Config::Tiny for配置文件管理等。 6. **错误处理和调试**：书中会教授如何编写健壮的Perl脚本，包括错误捕获、日志记录和调试技巧。 7. **自动化脚本设计**：讨论如何设计和组织复杂的自动化脚本，包括模块化、可维护性和代码重用。 8. **性能优化**：Perl虽然灵活，但也有性能考虑。书里可能会涉及如何优化Perl代码以提高执行效率。 9. **安全与最佳实践**：介绍如何编写安全的Perl脚本，避免常见的安全漏洞，并提供系统管理自动化中的最佳实践。 10. **案例研究**：通过实际的系统管理场景，展示如何应用Perl解决具体问题，帮助读者将理论知识转化为实际技能。本书不仅适合已经有一定Perl基础的系统管理员，也适合想要提升系统管理自动化水平的IT专业人士。通过阅读和实践，读者可以学习到如何利用Perl实现高效、可靠的系统管理自动化，从而减轻工作负担，提高工作效率。

Preface

Do you need tools for making your system administration work easier and more effi-

cient? You’ve come to the right place.

Perl is a powerful programming language that grew out of the traditional system

administration toolbox. Over the years it has adapted and expanded to meet the chal-

lenges of new operating systems and new tasks. If you know a little Perl, and you need

to perform system administration tasks, this is the right book for you. Readers with

varying levels of both Perl programming experience and system administration expe-

rience will all find something of use within these pages.

What’s New in This Edition?

A tremendous amount of work went into updating this book so it could be even better

than the first edition. Here’s some of what has been improved in the second edition:

New title

My editors and I realized that the material in this book was more about how to

automate your system administration work in ways that would make your working

life more efficient and pleasant than it was about Perl. While Perl is still the toolshed

that makes all this possible, it isn’t the main focus of the book.

New material

It’s hard to know where to begin on this one. The new edition is four chapters and

two appendixes bigger (with a total page count that is 50% greater) than the last

one. Included in this edition are a cornucopia of new tools and techniques that you

are going to love. I tried to add material on the things I wished I had sysadmin-

targeted material on, including: XML and YAML best practices (using XML::LibXML,

XML::Twig, and XPath); dealing with config files; more advanced LDAP topics

(including updated Net::LDAP information); email-related topics (including POP3/

IMAP, MIME, and spam); new ways of dealing with filesystems; more advanced

log file creation and parsing tools; DHCP; mapping/monitoring a network using

Nmap and other tools; packet creation and sniffing; information reporting using

tools like GraphViz, RRDtool, and Timeline; using SHA-2 instead of MD5;

SNMPv3; Mac OS X; converting VBScript code to Perl; geocoding; MP3 file

manipulation; using Google Maps; and so on.

New advice

Part of the value of this book is the advice you can pick up from an experienced

system administrator like me who has been doing this stuff for a long time and has

compared notes with many other seasoned veterans. This new edition is packed

with more sidebars to explain not only the what, but also the why behind the

material.

Operating system and software information updates

All of the text and code has been updated and augmented to work with the latest

versions of Unix- (including Linux and Mac OS X) and Windows-based operating

systems.

Module and code updates/improvements

The descriptions and code in this book match the latest versions of the modules

mentioned in the first edition. In cases where a module is no longer available or a

better alternative has emerged, the appropriate replacement modules have been

substituted. Also, all example code is now “use strict” friendly.

Errata corrected

I have attempted to address all of the errata I received from all of the printings of

the first edition. I appreciate the time readers took to report errors to O’Reilly and

me so I could fix them at each printing and in this edition. Special thanks go to

Andreas Karrer, the German translator for the first edition. Andi pored over every

single byte of the original text and submitted almost 200 (mostly layout-related)

corrections, all with good cheer.

How This Book Is Structured

Each chapter in this book addresses a different system administration domain and ends

with a list of the Perl modules used in that chapter and references to facilitate deeper

exploration of the information presented. The chapters are as follows:

Chapter 1, Introduction

This introductory chapter describes the material covered in the book in more detail,

explaining how it will serve you and what you need to get the most from it. The

material in this book is powerful and is meant to be used by powerful people (e.g.,

Unix superusers and Windows-based operating system administrators). The

introduction provides some important guidelines to help you write more secure

Perl programs.

Chapter 2, Filesystems

This chapter is about keeping multiplatform filesystems tidy and ensuring that they

are used properly. We’ll start by looking at the salient differences between the

native filesystems for each operating system. We’ll then explore the process of

xvi | Preface

intelligently walking or traversing filesystems from Perl and how that can be useful.

Finally, we’ll look at manipulating disk quotas from Perl.

Chapter 3, User Accounts

This chapter discusses how user accounts manifest themselves on two different

operating systems, including what is stored for each user and how to manipulate

the information from Perl. That leads into a discussion of a rudimentary account

system written in Perl. In the process of building this system, we’ll examine the

mechanisms necessary for recording accounts in a simple database, creating these

accounts, and deleting them.

Chapter 4, User Activity

Chapter 4 explores ways to automate tasks centered around user activity, intro-

ducing a number of ways to track and control process, file, and network operations

initiated by users. This chapter also presents various operating system-specific

frameworks and tools (e.g., Windows Management Instrumentation, GUI setup

tools, lsof, etc.) that are helpful for user-oriented tasks on different platforms.

Chapter 5, TCP/IP Name and Configuration Services

Name and configuration services allow hosts on a TCP/IP network to communicate

with each other amicably and to self-configure. This chapter takes a historical per-

spective by starting with host files, then moving on to the Network Information

Service (NIS) and finally to the glue of the Internet, the Domain Name Service

(DNS). Each step of the way, it shows how Perl can make professional management

of these services easier. We’ll also explore how to work with the Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from Perl in this chapter.

Chapter 6, Working with Configuration Files

Almost every system or software package we touch relies heavily on configuration

files to be useful in our environment. This chapter explores the tools that make

writing and reading those files from Perl easy. We’ll look at various formats, with

special attention paid to XML and the current best practices for working with it

using Perl.

Chapter 7, SQL Database Administration

Over time, more uses for relational databases are being found in the system ad-

ministration realm. As a result, system administrators need to become familiar with

SQL database administration. This chapter explains DBI, the preeminent SQL

database framework for Perl, and provides examples of it in action for database

administration.

Chapter 8, Email

This chapter demonstrates how Perl can make better use of email as a system ad-

ministration tool. After discussing sending via SMTP (including MIME-based

HTML messages), receiving via POP3/IMAP, and parsing via Perl, we’ll explore

several interesting applications, including tools for analyzing unsolicited commer-

cial email (a.k.a. spam) and managing tech support emails.

Preface | xvii

Chapter 9, Directory Services

As the complexity of the information we deal with increases over time, so does the

importance of the directory services we use to access that information. System

administrators are increasingly being called upon not only to use these services,

but also to build tools for their management. This chapter discusses some of the

more popular directory service protocols/frameworks, such as LDAP and ADSI,

and shows you how to work with them from Perl.

Chapter 10, Log Files

System administrators are often awash in a sea of log files. Every machine, operating

system, and program can (and often does) log information. This chapter looks at

the logging systems offered by Unix- and Windows-based operating systems and

discusses approaches for analyzing logging information so it can work for you.

Chapter 11, Security

This chapter heads right into the maelstrom called “security,” demonstrating how

Perl can make hosts and networks more secure.

Chapter 12, SNMP

This chapter is devoted to the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It

illustrates how to use this protocol to communicate with network devices (both to

poll and to receive trap information).

Chapter 13, Network Mapping and Monitoring

Perl offers some excellent tools for the mapping and monitoring of networks. In

this chapter, we’ll look at several ways to discover the hosts on the network and

the services they offer. We’ll then explore helpful graphical and textual ways to

present the information collected, including some of the best tools for graphing

and charting the data (such as GraphViz and RRDtool).

Chapter 14, Experiential Learning

This is the chapter you don’t want your boss to catch you reading.

Appendixes

Some of the chapters assume basic knowledge about topics with which you may

not be familiar. For those who are new to these subjects, this book includes several

mini-tutorials to bring you up to speed quickly. The appendixes provide introduc-

tions to the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), the XML Path Language (XPath),

the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), the Structured Query Lan-

guage (SQL), the Revision Control System (RCS), translating VBScript to Perl, and

SNMP.

xviii | Preface

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