PCIe 4.0规范详解：新一代高速接口标准

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"PCI Express Base Specification Revision 4.0 Version 0.7 是PCI Express (PCIe) 技术的一个重要版本，发布于2016年2月。该规格书详细定义了PCIe 4.0协议，是PCIe接口标准的升级，主要提升了数据传输速率和系统性能。" PCI Express (PCIe) 是一种高速接口标准，用于连接计算机系统中的外部设备，如显卡、网卡、硬盘等。自2002年的1.0版本以来，PCIe规范不断进化，以满足不断提升的带宽需求。 PCIe 4.0是PCIe技术的一个重大里程碑，它将数据传输速率翻倍，达到了每通道（lane）16 GT/s（吉比特每秒），相当于每个通道双向传输可以达到32 Gbps（吉比特每秒）。这相比PCIe 3.0的8 GT/s有了显著提升，提供了更高的带宽，从而能更好地支持高性能的硬件设备，例如高分辨率显卡和高速固态硬盘。在PCIe 4.0版本中，还有以下几个关键特性与改进： 1. **错误报告和纠正**：随着速度的提高，错误检测和纠正变得更加重要。PCIe 4.0包含了各种错误报告和纠正机制，如内部错误报告、多播错误处理、原子操作等，以确保数据传输的可靠性和系统的稳定性。 2. **可调整大小的BAR（Base Address Register）**：BAR能力的增强允许系统动态调整设备的内存映射区域大小，提高了资源利用率。 3. **动态电源分配**：为了节能，PCIe 4.0引入了动态电源管理功能，允许设备根据工作负载需求动态调整功耗。 4. **基于ID的排序**：这一特性优化了数据包的处理，确保了不同优先级的数据包能够按照正确的顺序发送。 5. **延迟容忍报告**：延迟容忍报告允许设备报告其对延迟的容忍程度，帮助系统更好地管理延迟敏感的应用。 6. **替代路由ID解释（ARI）**：ARI扩展了PCIe的地址空间，允许更灵活的拓扑结构和设备配置。 7. **其他增强**：还包括扩展标签启用默认、TLP处理提示、TLP前缀等，这些都进一步提高了协议效率和兼容性。这些改进不仅提升了PCIe 4.0的性能，还增强了系统的灵活性和适应性，使得PCIe 4.0成为数据中心、服务器和高端桌面系统中的首选接口标准。随着技术的发展，PCIe 5.0和6.0等更高版本也相继推出，持续推动着高速互连技术的边界。

PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION, REV. 4.0 VERSION 0.7

8.4.2 Electrical Idle........................................................................................................ 1026

8.4.3 EIEOS for M-PCIe ................................................................................................ 1026

8.4.4 Lane Polarity Inversion ........................................................................................ 1026

8.4.5 Fast Training Sequence (FTS) .............................................................................. 1026

8.4.6 LINK Data RATE .................................................................................................. 1027

8.4.7 LINK Width ........................................................................................................... 1027

8.4.8 LANE-to-LANE De-skew ...................................................................................... 1027

8.4.9 LINK Training and Status State Machine (LTSSM) ............................................. 1027

8.4.10 Entry to HIBERN8 ............................................................................................ 1049

8.5 RECEIVER ERROR ....................................................................................................... 1049

8.6 CLOCK TOLERANCE COMPENSATION ......................................................................... 1050

8.7 DYNAMIC LINK BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT ........................................................... 1050

8.7.1 LINK Rate Series and Speed Management ........................................................... 1050

8.7.2 LINK Width Management ..................................................................................... 1051

8.7.3 Dynamic LINK Re-Configuration ......................................................................... 1051

8.8 M-PHY REGISTERS ................................................................................................... 1054

8.8.1 M-PHY Capability Registers................................................................................. 1054

8.8.2 M-PHY Configuration Attributes .......................................................................... 1061

9 ELECTRICAL SUB-BLOCK ....................................................................................... 1063

9.1 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION ORGANIZATION ............................................................ 1063

9.2 INTEROPERABILITY CRITERIA .................................................................................... 1063

9.2.1 Data Rates ............................................................................................................. 1063

9.2.2 Refclk Architectures .............................................................................................. 1063

9.3 TRANSMITTER SPECIFICATION ................................................................................... 1063

9.3.1 Measurement Setup for Characterizing Transmitters........................................... 1063

9.3.2 Voltage Level Definitions ...................................................................................... 1065

9.3.3 Tx Voltage Parameters ......................................................................................... 1066

9.3.4 Transmitter Margining.......................................................................................... 1075

9.3.5 Tx Jitter Parameters ............................................................................................. 1076

9.3.6 Tx and Rx Return Loss .......................................................................................... 1086

9.3.7 Transmitter PLL Bandwidth and Peaking ............................................................ 1088

9.3.8 Data Rate Independent Tx Parameters ................................................................. 1088

9.4 RECEIVER SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................ 1090

9.4.1 Receiver Stressed Eye Specification ..................................................................... 1090

9.4.2 Stressed Eye Test................................................................................................... 1095

9.4.3 Common Receiver Parameters ............................................................................. 1102

9.4.4 Low Frequency and Miscellaneous Signaling Requirements ............................... 1105

9.5 CHANNEL TOLERANCING ........................................................................................... 1107

9.5.1 Channel Compliance Testing ................................................................................ 1107

9.6 REFCLK SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................... 1116

9.6.1 Refclk Test Setup ................................................................................................... 1116

9.6.2 Data Rate Independent Refclk Parameters ........................................................... 1117

9.6.3 Refclk Architectures Supported............................................................................. 1118

9.6.4 Filtering Functions Applied to Raw Data ............................................................. 1118

9.6.5 Common Refclk Rx Architecture (CC) .................................................................. 1120

9.6.6 Jitter Limits for Refclk Architectures .................................................................... 1123

PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION, REV. 4.0 VERSION 0.7

10 SR-IOV SPECIFICATION ............................................................................................ 1124

10.1 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................................... 1124

10.1.1 PCI Technologies Interoperability ................................................................... 1136

10.2 INITIALIZATION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION .......................................................... 1137

10.2.1 SR-IOV Resource Discovery ............................................................................. 1137

10.2.2 Reset Mechanisms ............................................................................................. 1141

10.2.3 IOV Re-initialization and Reallocation ............................................................ 1142

10.2.4 VF Migration .................................................................................................... 1142

10.3 CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................................ 1145

10.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 1145

10.3.2 Configuration Space ......................................................................................... 1146

10.3.3 SR-IOV Extended Capability ............................................................................ 1146

10.3.4 PF/VF Configuration Space Header ................................................................ 1161

10.3.5 PCI Express Capability..................................................................................... 1166

10.3.6 PCI Standard Capabilities ................................................................................ 1174

10.3.7 PCI Express Extended Capabilities .................................................................. 1175

10.4 ERROR HANDLING ..................................................................................................... 1181

10.4.1 Baseline Error Reporting .................................................................................. 1181

10.4.2 Advanced Error Reporting ................................................................................ 1183

10.5 INTERRUPTS ............................................................................................................... 1190

10.5.1 Interrupt Mechanisms ....................................................................................... 1190

10.6 POWER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 1191

10.6.1 VF Device Power Management States .............................................................. 1191

10.6.2 PF Device Power Management States .............................................................. 1191

10.6.3 Link Power Management State ......................................................................... 1192

10.6.4 VF Power Management Capability .................................................................. 1192

SR-IOV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ 1192

11 ATS SPECIFICATION .................................................................................................. 1195

11.1 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................................... 1195

11.1.1 Address Translation Services (ATS) Overview ................................................. 1197

11.1.2 Page Request Interface Extension .................................................................... 1202

11.1.3 Process Address Space ID (PASID) ................................................................. 1204

11.2 ATS TRANSLATION SERVICES ................................................................................... 1205

11.2.1 Memory Requests with Address Type ............................................................... 1205

11.2.2 Translation Requests ......................................................................................... 1206

11.2.3 Translation Completion .................................................................................... 1209

11.2.4 Completions with Multiple Translations ........................................................... 1216

11.3 ATS INVALIDATION ................................................................................................... 1218

11.3.1 Invalidate Request ............................................................................................. 1218

11.3.2 Invalidate Completion ....................................................................................... 1219

11.3.3 Invalidate Completion Semantics ..................................................................... 1221

11.3.4 Request Acceptance Rules................................................................................. 1222

11.3.5 Invalidate Flow Control .................................................................................... 1222

11.3.6 Invalidate Ordering Semantics ......................................................................... 1223

11.3.7 Implicit Invalidation Events .............................................................................. 1224

PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION, REV. 4.0 VERSION 0.7

11.3.8 PASID TLP Prefix and Global Invalidate ........................................................ 1225

11.4 PAGE REQUEST SERVICES .......................................................................................... 1226

11.4.1 Page Request Message ...................................................................................... 1227

11.4.2 Page Request Group Response Message .......................................................... 1231

11.5 CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................................ 1233

11.5.1 ATS Extended Capability Structure .................................................................. 1233

11.5.2 Page Request Extended Capability Structure ................................................... 1236

ATS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 1242

A. ISOCHRONOUS APPLICATIONS ................................................................................. 1255

A.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1255

A.2. ISOCHRONOUS CONTRACT AND CONTRACT PARAMETERS ......................................... 1257

A.2.1. Isochronous Time Period and Isochronous Virtual Timeslot ........................... 1258

A.2.2. Isochronous Payload Size ................................................................................. 1259

A.2.3. Isochronous Bandwidth Allocation ................................................................... 1259

A.2.4. Isochronous Transaction Latency ..................................................................... 1260

A.2.5. An Example Illustrating Isochronous Parameters ............................................ 1261

A.3. ISOCHRONOUS TRANSACTION RULES ......................................................................... 1262

A.4. TRANSACTION ORDERING .......................................................................................... 1262

A.5. ISOCHRONOUS DATA COHERENCY ............................................................................. 1262

A.6. FLOW CONTROL ......................................................................................................... 1263

A.7. CONSIDERATIONS FOR BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION ..................................................... 1263

A.7.1. Isochronous Bandwidth of PCI Express Links.................................................. 1263

A.7.2. Isochronous Bandwidth of Endpoints ............................................................... 1263

A.7.3. Isochronous Bandwidth of Switches ................................................................. 1263

A.7.4. Isochronous Bandwidth of Root Complex......................................................... 1264

A.8. CONSIDERATIONS FOR PCI EXPRESS COMPONENTS ................................................... 1264

A.8.1. An Endpoint as a Requester .............................................................................. 1264

A.8.2. An Endpoint as a Completer ............................................................................. 1264

A.8.3. Switches............................................................................................................. 1265

A.8.4. Root Complex .................................................................................................... 1266

B. SYMBOL ENCODING .................................................................................................... 1267

C. PHYSICAL LAYER APPENDIX .................................................................................... 1276

C.1. 8B/10B DATA SCRAMBLING EXAMPLE ....................................................................... 1276

C.2. 128B/130B DATA SCRAMBLING EXAMPLE ................................................................. 1282

D. REQUEST DEPENDENCIES .......................................................................................... 1285

E. ID-BASED ORDERING USAGE .................................................................................... 1288

E.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1288

E.2. POTENTIAL BENEFITS WITH IDO USE ........................................................................ 1289

E.2.1. Benefits for MFD/RP Direct Connect ............................................................... 1289

E.2.2. Benefits for Switched Environments ................................................................. 1289

E.2.3. Benefits for Integrated Endpoints ..................................................................... 1290

E.2.4. IDO Use in Conjunction with RO ..................................................................... 1290

E.3. WHEN TO USE IDO .................................................................................................... 1290

PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION, REV. 4.0 VERSION 0.7

E.4. WHEN NOT TO USE IDO ............................................................................................ 1291

E.4.1. When Not to Use IDO with Endpoints .............................................................. 1291

E.4.2. When Not to Use IDO with Root Ports ............................................................. 1291

E.5. SOFTWARE CONTROL OF IDO USE ............................................................................. 1292

E.5.1. Software Control of Endpoint IDO Use ............................................................ 1292

E.5.2. Software Control of Root Port IDO Use ........................................................... 1293

F. MESSAGE CODE USAGE .............................................................................................. 1294

G. PROTOCOL MULTIPLEXING ................................................................................... 1296

G.1. PROTOCOL MULTIPLEXING INTERACTIONS WITH PCI EXPRESS ................................. 1299

G.2. PMUX PACKETS ........................................................................................................ 1305

G.3. PMUX PACKET LAYOUT ........................................................................................... 1306

G.3.1. PMUX Packet Layout for 8b10b Encoding ...................................................... 1306

G.3.2. PMUX Packet Layout at 128b/130b Encoding ................................................. 1308

G.4. PMUX CONTROL ....................................................................................................... 1311

G.5. PMUX EXTENDED CAPABILITY ................................................................................. 1311

G.5.1. PCI Express Extended Header (Offset 00h) ..................................................... 1312

G.5.2. PMUX Capability Register (Offset 04h) ........................................................... 1313

G.5.3. PMUX Control Register (Offset 08h) ............................................................... 1314

G.5.4. PMUX Status Register (Offset 0Ch) ................................................................. 1316

G.5.5. PMUX Protocol Array (Offsets 10h Through 48h) ........................................... 1319

H. M-PCIE TIMING DIAGRAMS .................................................................................... 1321

H.1. INIT TO L0 .................................................................................................................. 1322

H.2. L0 WITH TRANSMITTER IN STALL ............................................................................ 1323

H.3. L0 TO L1 .................................................................................................................... 1324

H.4. DOWNSTREAM PORT INITIATED LINK BANDWIDTH CHANGE ................................... 1325

H.5. UPSTREAM PORT INITIATED LINK BANDWIDTH CHANGE ......................................... 1326

I. M-PCIE COMPLIANCE PATTERNS ......................................................................... 1327

I.1. RPAT ........................................................................................................................ 1327

I.2. RPAT VARIATION BY LANE ...................................................................................... 1328

I.3. CONTINUOUS MODE CRPAT ..................................................................................... 1328

I.4. BURST MODE CRPAT ............................................................................................... 1329

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 1330

PCI EXPRESS BASE SPECIFICATION, REV. 4.0 VERSION 0.7

Figures

FIGURE 1-1: PCI EXPRESS LINK .................................................................................................... 59

FIGURE 1-2: EXAMPLE TOPOLOGY ................................................................................................ 60

FIGURE 1-3: LOGICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A SWITCH ................................................................. 64

FIGURE 1-4: HIGH-LEVEL LAYERING DIAGRAM ........................................................................... 66

FIGURE 1-5: PACKET FLOW THROUGH THE LAYERS ..................................................................... 67

FIGURE 2-1: LAYERING DIAGRAM HIGHLIGHTING THE TRANSACTION LAYER .............................. 72

FIGURE 2-2: SERIAL VIEW OF A TLP ............................................................................................. 75

FIGURE 2-3: GENERIC TLP FORMAT ............................................................................................. 76

FIGURE 2-4: FIELDS PRESENT IN ALL TLPS .................................................................................. 77

FIGURE 2-5: FIELDS PRESENT IN ALL TLP HEADERS .................................................................... 78

FIGURE 2-6: EXAMPLES OF COMPLETER TARGET MEMORY ACCESS FOR FETCHADD ................... 83

FIGURE 2-7: 64-BIT ADDRESS ROUTING ........................................................................................ 85

FIGURE 2-8: 32-BIT ADDRESS ROUTING ........................................................................................ 85

FIGURE 2-9: ID ROUTING WITH 4 DW HEADER ............................................................................ 88

FIGURE 2-10: ID ROUTING WITH 3 DW HEADER .......................................................................... 88

FIGURE 2-11: LOCATION OF BYTE ENABLES IN TLP HEADER ....................................................... 89

FIGURE 2-12: TRANSACTION DESCRIPTOR .................................................................................... 92

FIGURE 2-13: TRANSACTION ID .................................................................................................... 92

FIGURE 2-14: ATTRIBUTES FIELD OF TRANSACTION DESCRIPTOR ................................................ 99

FIGURE 2-15: REQUEST HEADER FORMAT FOR 64-BIT ADDRESSING OF MEMORY ...................... 102

FIGURE 2-16: REQUEST HEADER FORMAT FOR 32-BIT ADDRESSING OF MEMORY ...................... 102

FIGURE 2-17: REQUEST HEADER FORMAT FOR I/O TRANSACTIONS ............................................ 103

FIGURE 2-18: REQUEST HEADER FORMAT FOR CONFIGURATION TRANSACTIONS ...................... 104

FIGURE 2-192: TPH TLP PREFIX ................................................................................................ 105

FIGURE 2-20: LOCATION OF PH[1:0] IN A 4 DW REQUEST HEADER ........................................... 106

FIGURE 2-21: LOCATION OF PH[1:0] IN A 3 DW REQUEST HEADER ........................................... 106

FIGURE 2-22: LOCATION OF ST[7:0] IN THE MEMORY WRITE REQUEST HEADER ....................... 108

FIGURE 2-23: LOCATION OF ST[7:0] IN MEMORY READ AND ATOMICOP REQUEST HEADERS ... 108

FIGURE 2-24: MESSAGE REQUEST HEADER ................................................................................ 110

FIGURE 2-25: HEADER FOR VENDOR-DEFINED MESSAGES ......................................................... 120

FIGURE 2-26: HEADER FOR PCI-SIG-DEFINED VDMS ................................................................ 121

FIGURE 2-27: LN MESSAGE [TO BE UPDATED] ............................................................................ 123

FIGURE 2-28: DRS MESSAGE ...................................................................................................... 124

FIGURE 2-29: FRS MESSAGE ...................................................................................................... 125

FIGURE 2-30: LTR MESSAGE ...................................................................................................... 127

FIGURE 2-31: OBFF MESSAGE ................................................................................................... 128

FIGURE 2-32: PTM REQUEST/RESPONSE MESSAGE ..................................................................... 129

FIGURE 2-33: PTM RESPONSED MESSAGE (4 DW HEADER AND 1 DW PAYLOAD) ...................... 130

FIGURE 2-34: COMPLETION HEADER FORMAT ............................................................................ 132

FIGURE 2-35: (NON-ARI) COMPLETER ID .................................................................................. 133

FIGURE 2-36: ARI COMPLETER ID .............................................................................................. 133

FIGURE 2-37: FLOWCHART FOR HANDLING OF RECEIVED TLPS ................................................. 140

FIGURE 2-38: FLOWCHART FOR SWITCH HANDLING OF TLPS ..................................................... 142

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