Python Crash Course：动手实践项目编程入门指南

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Contents in Detail xv

A Dictionary in a Dictionary ................................... 113

Exercise 6-7: People .........................................114

Exercise 6-8: Pets ...........................................115

Exercise 6-9: Favorite Places ...................................115

Exercise 6-10: Favorite Numbers ................................115

Exercise 6-11: Cities .........................................115

Exercise 6-12: Extensions......................................115

Summary ...................................................... 115

USER INPUT AND WHILE LOOPS 117

How the input() Function Works ....................................... 118

Writing Clear Prompts ....................................... 118

Using int() to Accept Numerical Input............................. 119

The Modulo Operator ....................................... 120

Accepting Input in Python 2.7.................................. 121

Exercise 7-1: Rental Car...................................... 121

Exercise 7-2: Restaurant Seating ................................ 121

Exercise 7-3: Multiples of Ten .................................. 121

Introducing while Loops ............................................ 122

The while Loop in Action ..................................... 122

Letting the User Choose When to Quit ............................ 122

Using a Flag.............................................. 124

Using break to Exit a Loop .................................... 125

Using continue in a Loop ..................................... 126

Avoiding Infinite Loops ...................................... 126

Exercise 7-4: Pizza Toppings .................................. 127

Exercise 7-5: Movie Tickets.................................... 127

Exercise 7-6: Three Exits ..................................... 128

Exercise 7-7: Inﬁnity ........................................ 128

Using a while Loop with Lists and Dictionaries ............................. 128

Moving Items from One List to Another............................ 128

Removing All Instances of Specific Values from a List .................. 129

Filling a Dictionary with User Input .............................. 130

Exercise 7-8: Deli .......................................... 131

Exercise 7-9: No Pastrami .................................... 131

Exercise 7-10: Dream Vacation................................. 131

Summary ...................................................... 131

FUNCTIONS 133

Defining a Function ............................................... 134

Passing Information to a Function ............................... 134

Arguments and Parameters.................................... 135

Exercise 8-1: Message....................................... 135

Exercise 8-2: Favorite Book ................................... 135

Passing Arguments ................................................ 135

Positional Arguments ........................................ 136

Keyword Arguments ........................................ 137

Default Values ............................................ 138

xvi Contents in Detail

Equivalent Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Avoiding Argument Errors .................................... 140

Exercise 8-3: T-Shirt ......................................... 141

Exercise 8-4: Large Shirts ..................................... 141

Exercise 8-5: Cities ......................................... 141

Return Values.................................................... 141

Returning a Simple Value ..................................... 142

Making an Argument Optional ................................. 142

Returning a Dictionary ....................................... 144

Using a Function with a while Loop .............................. 145

Exercise 8-6: City Names..................................... 146

Exercise 8-7: Album......................................... 146

Exercise 8-8: User Albums .................................... 146

Passing a List.................................................... 147

Modifying a List in a Function .................................. 147

Preventing a Function from Modifying a List ........................ 149

Exercise 8-9: Magicians...................................... 150

Exercise 8-10: Great Magicians ................................ 150

Exercise 8-11: Unchanged Magicians ............................ 150

Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments............................... 151

Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments ........................ 152

Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments ............................. 152

Exercise 8-12: Sandwiches.................................... 154

Exercise 8-13: User Proﬁle .................................... 154

Exercise 8-14: Cars......................................... 154

Storing Your Functions in Modules ..................................... 154

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 154

Importing Specific Functions ................................... 156

Using as to Give a Function an Alias............................. 156

Using as to Give a Module an Alias ............................. 157

Importing All Functions in a Module ............................. 157

Styling Functions ................................................. 158

Exercise 8-15: Printing Models ................................. 159

Exercise 8-16: Imports ....................................... 159

Exercise 8-17: Styling Functions ................................ 159

Summary ...................................................... 159

CLASSES 161

Creating and Using a Class.......................................... 162

Creating the Dog Class ...................................... 162

Making an Instance from a Class ............................... 164

Exercise 9-1: Restaurant...................................... 166

Exercise 9-2: Three Restaurants ................................. 166

Exercise 9-3: Users ......................................... 166

Working with Classes and Instances.................................... 167

The Car Class............................................. 167

Setting a Default Value for an Attribute ........................... 168

Modifying Attribute Values .................................... 168

Exercise 9-4: Number Served .................................. 171

Exercise 9-5: Login Attempts ................................... 171

Contents in Detail xvii

Inheritance ..................................................... 172

The __init__() Method for a Child Class ........................... 172

Inheritance in Python 2.7 ..................................... 173

Defining Attributes and Methods for the Child Class .................. 174

Overriding Methods from the Parent Class ......................... 175

Instances as Attributes ....................................... 175

Modeling Real-World Objects ................................. 177

Exercise 9-6: Ice Cream Stand ................................. 178

Exercise 9-7: Admin ........................................ 178

Exercise 9-8: Privileges ...................................... 178

Exercise 9-9: Battery Upgrade ................................. 178

Importing Classes................................................. 179

Importing a Single Class ..................................... 179

Storing Multiple Classes in a Module............................. 180

Importing Multiple Classes from a Module ......................... 181

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 182

Importing All Classes from a Module ............................. 182

Importing a Module into a Module .............................. 183

Finding Your Own Workflow .................................. 184

Exercise 9-10: Imported Restaurant .............................. 184

Exercise 9-11: Imported Admin ................................. 184

Exercise 9-12: Multiple Modules ................................ 184

The Python Standard Library ......................................... 184

Exercise 9-13: OrderedDict Rewrite.............................. 186

Exercise 9-14: Dice ......................................... 186

Exercise 9-15: Python Module of the Week ........................ 186

Styling Classes................................................... 186

Summary ...................................................... 187

FILES AND EXCEPTIONS 189

Reading from a File ............................................... 190

Reading an Entire File ....................................... 190

File Paths ................................................ 191

Reading Line by Line ........................................ 193

Making a List of Lines from a File ............................... 194

Working with a File’s Contents ................................. 194

Large Files: One Million Digits ................................. 195

Is Your Birthday Contained in Pi? ............................... 196

Exercise 10-1: Learning Python ................................. 197

Exercise 10-2: Learning C .................................... 197

Writing to a File.................................................. 197

Writing to an Empty File ..................................... 197

Writing Multiple Lines ....................................... 198

Appending to a File......................................... 199

Exercise 10-3: Guest ........................................ 199

Exercise 10-4: Guest Book .................................... 199

Exercise 10-5: Programming Poll................................ 199

Exceptions...................................................... 200

Handling the ZeroDivisionError Exception ......................... 200

Using try-except Blocks ...................................... 200

Using Exceptions to Prevent Crashes ............................. 201

xviii Contents in Detail

The else Block............................................. 202

Handling the FileNotFoundError Exception ......................... 203

Analyzing Text ............................................ 204

Working with Multiple Files ................................... 205

Failing Silently ............................................ 206

Deciding Which Errors to Report................................ 207

Exercise 10-6: Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Exercise 10-7: Addition Calculator .............................. 208

Exercise 10-8: Cats and Dogs ................................. 208

Exercise 10-9: Silent Cats and Dogs ............................. 208

Exercise 10-10: Common Words ............................... 208

Storing Data .................................................... 208

Using json.dump() and json.load()............................... 209

Saving and Reading User-Generated Data ......................... 210

Refactoring............................................... 212

Exercise 10-11: Favorite Number ............................... 214

Exercise 10-12: Favorite Number Remembered ..................... 214

Exercise 10-13: Verify User ................................... 214

Summary ...................................................... 214

TESTING YOUR CODE 215

Testing a Function ................................................ 216

Unit Tests and Test Cases ..................................... 217

A Passing Test ............................................ 217

A Failing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Responding to a Failed Test ................................... 219

Adding New Tests.......................................... 221

Exercise 11-1: City, Country ................................... 222

Exercise 11-2: Population..................................... 222

Testing a Class .................................................. 222

A Variety of Assert Methods ................................... 222

A Class to Test ............................................ 223

Testing the AnonymousSurvey Class ............................. 225

The setUp() Method ......................................... 227

Exercise 11-3: Employee ..................................... 228

Summary ...................................................... 228

PART II: PROJECTS 231

PROJECT 1: ALIEN INVASION

A SHIP THAT FIRES BULLETS 235

Planning Your Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Installing Pygame................................................. 236

Installing Python Packages with pip .............................. 237

Installing Pygame on Linux .................................... 238

Contents in Detail xix

Installing Pygame on OS X .................................... 239

Installing Pygame on Windows................................. 240

Starting the Game Project ........................................... 240

Creating a Pygame Window and Responding to User Input ............. 241

Setting the Background Color .................................. 242

Creating a Settings Class ..................................... 243

Adding the Ship Image............................................. 244

Creating the Ship Class ...................................... 245

Drawing the Ship to the Screen................................. 246

Refactoring: the game_functions Module................................. 247

The check_events() Function ................................... 247

The update_screen() Function .................................. 248

Exercise 12-1: Blue Sky ...................................... 249

Exercise 12-2: Game Character ................................ 249

Piloting the Ship.................................................. 249

Responding to a Keypress .................................... 249

Allowing Continuous Movement ................................ 250

Moving Both Left and Right.................................... 252

Adjusting the Ship’s Speed.................................... 253

Limiting the Ship’s Range ..................................... 255

Refactoring check_events() .................................... 255

A Quick Recap .................................................. 256

alien_invasion.py .......................................... 256

settings.py ............................................... 256

game_functions.py ......................................... 256

ship.py ................................................. 257

Exercise 12-3: Rocket ....................................... 257

Exercise 12-4: Keys......................................... 257

Shooting Bullets .................................................. 257

Adding the Bullet Settings..................................... 257

Creating the Bullet Class ..................................... 258

Storing Bullets in a Group .................................... 259

Firing Bullets.............................................. 260

Deleting Old Bullets......................................... 261

Limiting the Number of Bullets.................................. 262

Creating the update_bullets() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Creating the fire_bullet() Function ............................... 264

Exercise 12-5: Sideways Shooter ............................... 264

Summary ...................................................... 264

ALIENS! 265

Reviewing Your Project ............................................ 266

Creating the First Alien ............................................. 266

Creating the Alien Class ..................................... 267

Creating an Instance of the Alien ............................... 268

Making the Alien Appear Onscreen ............................. 268

Building the Alien Fleet ............................................. 269

Determining How Many Aliens Fit in a Row ........................ 269

Creating Rows of Aliens...................................... 270

Creating the Fleet .......................................... 271

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