GitHub入门指南（第二版）

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"Introducing GitHub, 2nd Edition - 2018" 是一本针对非技术人员介绍GitHub的指南，适合项目和产品经理、利益相关者以及其他团队成员学习，以掌握在开发项目中协作、审阅和评论工作进展或贡献特定更改的基础知识。 GitHub是一个基于云的版本控制系统，它不仅用于代码的存储，而且是软件开发人员进行协作、版本控制和持续集成的重要平台。在本书的第二版中，作者Brent Beer深入浅出地讲解了GitHub的基本概念和实践操作，帮助初学者快速上手。关于“GitHub continuous integration”这一标签，意味着书中将涵盖如何利用GitHub进行持续集成的内容。持续集成是一种软件开发实践，开发人员频繁将他们的更改合并到主分支，以便尽早发现和解决问题。在GitHub中，可以配置自动化构建和测试，确保每次提交的质量，从而提高开发效率和软件的可靠性。书中的部分内容提到了这本书的出版信息，包括作者、版权、出版商、编辑团队以及出版年份等。第一版发布于2014年11月，第二版在2017年12月发布，并提供了修订历史的链接，读者可以通过这个链接查找任何更新或错误修正。通过阅读这本书，读者将学习到以下关键知识点： 1. **GitHub基础**：了解GitHub的界面、工作流程，包括创建仓库、克隆仓库、添加和提交文件、推送更改。 2. **版本控制**：理解Git的基本概念，如分支、合并、拉取请求以及解决合并冲突。 3. **协作与审阅**：学习如何邀请合作者，设置权限，以及使用Pull Request进行代码审查。 4. **GitHub Pages**：创建和托管静态网站，用于展示项目或个人简历。 5. **Markdown语言**：学会使用Markdown编写易于阅读和格式化的文档。 6. **自动化流程**：配置GitHub Actions以实现自动构建、测试和部署。 7. **问题追踪**：使用Issue功能管理项目中的待办事项和bug报告。 8. **项目管理**：利用GitHub的项目板来组织任务和里程碑，跟踪进度。 9. **Webhooks**：设置Webhooks以在其他服务上触发动作，例如当有新的提交时自动通知团队。 10. **社区和开放源代码**：参与开源项目，了解如何贡献代码，遵循开源许可证和社区规范。 "Introducing GitHub, 2nd Edition - 2018" 是一本全面且实用的教程，无论你是产品团队的新手还是希望提升GitHub技能的开发者，都能从中受益。通过本书，你将能够熟练地运用GitHub进行有效的团队协作和持续集成，提升开发效率和项目管理能力。

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Branch

A branch is an independent series of commits off to one side that you can use to

try out an experiment or create a new feature. Example usage: “Let’s create a

branch to implement the new search functionality.”

master branch

Whenever you create a new Git project, there is a default branch created called

master. This is the branch that your work should end up on eventually, once it’s

ready to push to production. Example usage: “Remember never to commit directly

to master.”

Feature (or topic) branch

Whenever you’re building a new piece of functionality, you’ll create a branch to

work on it. That is called a feature branch. Example usage: “We’ve got way too

many feature branches. Let’s focus on getting one or two of these nished and into

production.”

Release branch

If you have a manual QA process or have to support old versions of your soft‐

ware for your customers, you might need a release branch as a place to make any

necessary fixes or updates. There is no technical difference between a feature or

release branch, but the distinction is useful when talking about a project with

your team. Example usage: “We’ve got to

x the security bug on all of our supported

release branches.”

Merge

A merge is a way to take completed work from one branch and incorporate it

into another branch. Most commonly you’ll merge a feature branch into the mas

ter branch. Example usage: “Great job on the ‘my account’ feature. Could you

merge it into master so we can push it to production?”

Tag

A tag is a reference to a specific historic commit. Tags are most often used to

document production releases so you know exactly which versions of the code

went into production and when. Example usage: “Let’s tag this release and push it

to production.”

Checkout

Checking out enables you to go to a different version of the project’s history and

see the files as of that point in time. Most commonly you’ll check out a branch to

see all of the work that has been done on it, but any commit can be something

you check out. Example usage: “Could you check out the last release tag?

ere’s a

bug in production that I need you to replicate and x.”

4 | Chapter 1: Introduction

Pull request

Originally, a pull request was used to request that someone else review the work

you’d completed on a branch and then merge it into master. Now, pull requests

are often used earlier in the process to start a discussion about a possible feature.

Example usage: “Go create a pull request for the new voting feature so we can see

what the rest of the team thinks about it.”

Issue

GitHub has a feature called Issues that can be used to discuss features, track bugs,

or both. Example usage: “You’re right, the login doesn’t work on an iPhone. Could

you create an issue on GitHub documenting the steps to replicate the bug?”

Wiki

Originally developed by Ward Cunningham, wikis are a lightweight way of creat‐

ing web pages with simple links between them. GitHub projects often use wikis

for documentation. Example usage: “Could you add a page to the wiki to explain

how to

congure the project to run on multiple servers?”

Clone

Often you’ll want to download a copy of a project from GitHub so you can work

on it locally. The process of copying the repository to your computer is called

cloning. Example usage: “Could you clone the repo,

x the bug, and then push the

x back up to GitHub later tonight?”

Fork

Sometimes you don’t have the necessary permission to make changes directly to a

project. Perhaps it’s an open source project written by people you don’t know, or

a project written by another group at your company that you don’t work with

much. If you want to submit changes to such a project, first you need to make a

copy of the project under your user account on GitHub. That process is called

forking the repository. You can then clone it, make changes, and submit them

back to the original project using a pull request. Example usage: “I’d love to see

how you’d rewrite the home page marketing copy. Fork the repo and submit a pull

request with your proposed changes.”

Don’t worry if all the terminology seems overwhelming at first. Once you start work‐

ing with some real projects, it’ll all make a lot more sense! In the next chapter we’ll

look at the various elements of a GitHub project and how you can use them to get a

sense of progress on a project.

Key Concepts | 5

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