Go语言编写网络驱动程序探析

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"Writing Network Drivers in Go (2018-ixy-go) - 计算机科学" 这篇论文主要探讨了在Go语言中编写网络驱动程序的主题，由慕尼黑工业大学信息学院的Sebastian Peter Johann Voit撰写。网络驱动程序是硬件与软件之间的桥梁，它们是操作系统特定的软件，充当物理设备与使用该设备的软件之间的接口。然而，尽管网络驱动程序在日常生产环境中被广泛使用，但关于它们的实际知识却相对稀缺。论文的摘要指出，对于优化、性能调试等关键任务，理解整个网络栈的重要性不言而喻。因此，提供易于获取的关于驱动程序的信息至关重要，这有助于将网络技术发展为一门科学、一种专业和一种爱好。过去，网络接口控制器（NIC）驱动程序通常深藏于内核之中，很少被触及。但随着用户空间驱动程序如DPDK（Data Plane Development Kit）或Snabb的兴起，即使现在，驱动程序仍然在很大程度上被视为加速的“黑盒子”。论文可能深入讨论了以下几个方面： 1. **Go语言的优势**：Go语言作为一种现代编程语言，其并发模型、内存管理和简单的语法可能使得在用户空间编写网络驱动变得更为简洁和高效。 2. **用户空间驱动的优势**：与传统的内核空间驱动相比，用户空间驱动可以提供更快的响应时间，因为它们绕过了内核的上下文切换开销。DPDK和Snabb等库允许开发者直接访问硬件，从而实现更高的数据包处理速度。 3. **网络栈的理解**：论文可能涵盖了网络协议栈的基本概念，包括链路层、网络层、传输层以及应用层，强调了对这些层次理解的重要性，以便于开发和优化网络驱动。 4. **驱动程序设计**：论文可能详细讨论了如何在Go语言中设计和实现网络驱动程序，包括如何处理中断、如何进行数据包的接收和发送，以及如何与上层软件通信。 5. **性能优化**：作者可能探讨了如何利用Go语言特性进行性能优化，包括内存管理、并发处理和错误处理策略。 6. **调试与测试**：在开发网络驱动时，调试工具和测试方法是必不可少的。论文可能会介绍一些有效的调试技术以及如何建立可靠的测试框架来验证驱动程序的功能和性能。 7. **案例研究**：论文可能包含了一些实际案例，展示了如何在Go中从零开始构建一个网络驱动，以及与传统方法的比较。通过这篇论文，读者可以期待获得关于在Go语言中编写网络驱动程序的深入知识，以及如何通过这种方法提升网络性能和可维护性。对于那些希望深入理解网络底层机制，或者想要在用户空间中实现高性能网络应用的开发者来说，这是一份宝贵的资源。

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Chapter 2

Why Go?

Go, also called Golang, is a statically typed, compiled and imperative programming

language developed by Google. It has intentionally been developed to have a syntax

similar to the C programming language with input and ideas from other languages [18].

Go compiles to statically linked binaries with very fast compile times, making it in-

dependent of libraries after compilation. Compilers for Windows, macOS and Linux

distributions exist. As for the Go implementation of ixy we tested as far back as version

1.10.2 and due to the backwards compatibility promise [17] our driver will most likely

be com patible with all versions of Go 1 thereafter.

The Go binaries always include the Go runtime. It implements "garbage collection,

concurrency, stack management, and other critical features of the Go language" [18]

and therefore provides central functionality to the programs, though it is not to be con-

fused with the virtual machine approach of the Java runtime. This runtime adds safety

features as an improvement to combat many of the common programming errors such

as memory safety for index bounds and pointers. Go oﬀers an extensive native library

which provides a multitude of features ranging from so called slices and interfaces to

algorithms and other helpers. Though Go is not an object oriented programming lan-

guage, it does oﬀer the ability to deﬁne methods on types, including struct types. Go

also oﬀers an interesting approach to concurrency through the use of goroutines, which

are based on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) ideas, in order to simplify

the complexity of other concurrency models. Additionally the main way of exchanging

information are channels instead of sharing memory in order to further simplify con-

currency. This approach is embodied in the slogan "Do not communicate by sharing

memory; instead, share memory by communicating." [16] It is noteworthy that m any of

the security features the runtime enforces can be bypasse d, mainly through the use of

Chapter 2: Why Go?

the unsafe package. This package implements arbitrary pointers that allows program-

mers to defeat the type system and read from and write to arbitrary memory. Since

the runtime is a central element of Go and it is ixys’ goal to be an idiomatic program,

we try to minimize the use of this package as much as possible unless the idiomatic

solution to a problem makes use of it. And example for that would be determining the

endianess of a machine.

As already me ntioned, the syntax of Go is intentionally similar to C. However some

notable changes have been made in order to improve readability. Two changes become

apparent immediately upon ﬁrst seeing a Go program:

1. Go does not have semicolons at the end of a line. Since trailing semicolons don’t

serve any real purpose except denominating the end of a line, removing is from

the language was a central syntax design goal in order to prevent unnecessary

mistakes in that regard. More speciﬁcally semicolons are still used as terminators

in other places such as separating arguments of a for loop. Technically they are

also still needed at the end of lines but may be, and virtually always will be,

omitted and will then be inserted automatically during compilation [22].

2. Variable names before type. The approach of the C programming language was

unusual at the time and had one distinct advantage: a declaration is an expression

and one can state the type of the expression. The downside however becomes

apparent when a statement becomes more complex, as it can become hard to read,

in fact C expressions are read in a spiral. Go reverses this order therefore making

a simple declaration readable from left to right. This extends to statements of

any le ngth and complexity, one can read them from left to right without needing

to stop thus avoiding the C gibberish issue altogether.

Other minor diﬀerences such as type inference exist as well but the general syntax and

structure is very similar compared to C code, Go just tends to be easier to re ad. Addi-

tionally many potentially confusing C constructs can be replaced by easier to understand

Go features.

Most languages don’t have a ﬁxed style but instead multiple third party style guides

such as the Linux kernel coding style [23]. Combined with the unique preferences of

each programmer this results in a plethora of diﬀerent styles. Due to the aforemen-

tioned automatic insertion of semicolons, a minimal amount of ﬁxed formatting in Go

is unavoidable. But even beyond that, Go strives towards a uniﬁed formatting style

as this is one of the “most [contended] but least consequential [issues]” [16]. In order

to re ach the goal of a uniﬁed coding style without sparking debates, the approach is

in the form of a tool that takes care of formatting instead of a “long prescriptive style

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