单片机C语言中断和定时器:掌握中断处理、定时器配置和使用,构建实时响应系统

发布时间: 2024-07-06 22:53:11 阅读量: 48 订阅数: 30
![单片机C语言中断和定时器:掌握中断处理、定时器配置和使用,构建实时响应系统](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/49c49cfcda224df7919687ea50727f95.png) # 1. 单片机C语言中断和定时器的基础** **1.1 中断概述** 中断是一种硬件机制,当发生特定事件时,它会暂停当前正在执行的程序,并跳转到一个称为中断处理程序的特定代码段。中断处理程序执行必要的操作,然后返回到被中断的程序。 **1.2 定时器概述** 定时器是一种硬件设备,它可以生成周期性的脉冲或信号。这些脉冲或信号可以用来触发中断,或直接用于测量时间间隔或生成周期性任务。 # 2.1 中断的类型和优先级 ### 中断的类型 单片机中的中断可以分为两类: - **硬件中断:**由外部设备或内部模块产生的中断信号触发,如外部中断、定时器中断、串口中断等。 - **软件中断:**由软件指令主动触发,用于处理系统内部事件,如陷阱中断、异常中断等。 ### 中断的优先级 中断优先级决定了当多个中断同时发生时,哪个中断会被优先处理。中断优先级通常分为多个等级,等级高的中断优先级高于等级低的中断。 **中断优先级设置方法:** - **硬件中断:**通过硬件寄存器或中断控制器配置中断优先级。 - **软件中断:**通过设置中断向量表中的中断服务程序地址来指定中断优先级。 **中断优先级处理机制:** 当多个中断同时发生时,系统会根据中断优先级进行处理: - **最高优先级中断:**立即响应,暂停当前正在执行的程序,执行最高优先级中断服务程序。 - **次高优先级中断:**当最高优先级中断服务程序执行完毕后,再响应次高优先级中断,依次类推。 - **低优先级中断:**如果当前正在执行更高优先级的中断服务程序,低优先级中断会被暂时屏蔽,等待更高优先级中断服务程序执行完毕后才响应。 **中断优先级设置示例:** ```c // 设置外部中断0的优先级为最高 NVIC_SetPriority(EXTI0_IRQn, NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_0); // 设置定时器中断的优先级为次高 NVIC_SetPriority(TIM2_IRQn, NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_1); // 设置串口中断的优先级为最低 NVIC_SetPriority(USART1_IRQn, NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_4); ``` **参数说明:** - `NVIC_SetPriority()`:设置中断优先级的函数。 - `EXTI0_IRQn`:外部中断0的中断号。 - `TIM2_IRQn`:定时器2的中断号。 - `USART1_IRQn`:串口1的中断号。 - `NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_0`:最高优先级组。 - `NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_1`:次高优先级组。 - `NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_4`:最低优先级组。 **逻辑分析:** 这段代码通过调用 `NVIC_SetPriority()` 函数设置了外部中断0、定时器中断和串口中断的优先级。外部中断0被设置为最高优先级,定时器中断被设置为次高优先级,串口中断被设置为最低优先级。当这三个中断同时发生时,系统会首先响应外部中断0,然后响应定时器中断,最后响应串口中断。 # 3. 定时器
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