10.Application processor(s) initialization. The non-bootstrap CPU
(processor) core is called the application processor (AP) in some
documentation; we will use the same naming here. In multicore
x86/x64 CPUs, only the BSP is active upon reset. Therefore, the
other cores—the AP—must be initialized accordingly before the OS
boot-loader takes control of the system. One of the most important
things to initialize in the AP is the MTRRs. The MTRRs must be
consistent in all CPU cores, otherwise memory read and write could
misbehave and bring the system to a halt.
11.“Simple” I/O devices initialization. “Simple” IO devices in this
context are hardware such as super IO (SIO), embedded controller,
etc. This initialization depends on the system con<guration. The SIO
typically controls legacy IO, such as PS/2 and serial interfaces, etc.
The embedded controller is mostly found on laptops, it controls
things such as buttons on the laptop, the interface from the laptop
motherboard to the battery, etc.
12.PCI device discovery and initialization. In this step, PCI devices—by
extension the PCIe devices and other devices connected to PCI-
compatible bus—are detected and initialized. The devices detected
in this step could be part of the chipset and/or other PCI devices in
the system, either soldered to the motherboard or in the PCI/PCIe
expansion slots. There are several resource assignments to the
device happening in this step: IO space assignment, memory
mapped IO (MMIO) space assignment, IRQ assignment (for devices
that requires IRQ), and expansion ROM detection and execution.
The assignment of memory or IO address space happens via the
use of BAR. We’ll get into the detail in the PCI bus base address
registers initialization section. USB devices initialization happens in
this step as well because USB is a PCI bus-compatible protocol.
Other non-legacy devices are initialized in this step as well, such as
SATA, SPI, etc.
13.OS boot-loader execution. This is where the platform <rmware
hands over the execution to the OS boot-loader, such as GRUB or
LILO in Linux or the Windows OS loader.
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Dissecting PCI-Based System Address
Map
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