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8 Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Nonlinear Systems: An Introduction
As to motor and vehicle control, in [127], the ADRC is used to ensure high dynamic perfor-
mance of a magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo system. It is concluded that the proposed
topology produces better dynamic performance, such as smaller overshoot and faster transient
time, than the conventional PID controller in its overall operating conditions. A matrix con-
verter (MC) is superior to a drive induction motor since it has more attractive advantages
than a conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter such as the absence of a large
dc-link capacitor, unity input power factor, and bidirectional power ow. However, due to the
direct conversion characteristic of an MC, the drive performance of an induction motor is
easily inuenced by input voltage disturbances of the MC, and the stability of an induction
motor drive system fed by an MC would be affected by a sudden change of load as well. In
[105], the ADRC is applied to the MC fed induction motor drive system to solve the prob-
lems successfully. In [31], the ADRC is developed to ensure high dynamic performance of
induction motors. In [123], the ADRC is developed to implement high-precision motion con-
trol of permanent-magnet synchronous motors. Simulations and experimental results show
that the ADRC achieves a better position response and is robust to parameter variation and
load disturbance. Furthermore, the ADRC is designed directly in discrete time with a simple
structure and fast computation, which makes it widely applicable to all other types of drives.
In [96], an ESO-based controller is designed for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor
speed-regulator, where the ESO is employed to estimate both the states and the disturbances
simultaneously, so that the composite speed controller can have a corresponding part to com-
pensate the disturbances. Lateral locomotion control is a key technology for intelligent vehicles
and is signicant to vehicle safety itself. In [115], the ADRC is used for the lateral locomotion
control. Simulation results show that, within the large velocity scale, the ADRC controllers
can assist the intelligent vehicle to accomplish smooth and high precision on lateral locomo-
tion, as well as remaining robust to system parameter perturbations and disturbances. In [146],
the ADRC is applied to the anti-lock braking system (ABS) with regenerative braking of elec-
tric vehicles. Simulation results indicate that this method can regulate the slip rate at expired
value in all conditions and, at the same time, it can restore the kinetic energy of a vehicle to
an electrical source. In [142], the ADRC is applied to the regenerative retarding of a vehicle
equipped with a new energy recovery retarder. Considering the railway restriction and comfort
requirement, the ADRC is applied to the operation curve tracking of the maglev train in [100].
There is also a lot of literature on the ADRC’s application in ship control. In [113], the
ADRC is applied to the ship tracking control by considering the strong nonlinearity, uncer-
tainty, and typical underactuated properties, as well as the restraints of the rudder. The sim-
ulation results show that the designed controller can achieve high precision on ship tracking
control and has strong robustness to ship parameter perturbations and environment distur-
bances. In [108], the ADRC is used on the ship’s main engine for optimal control under
unmatched uncertainty. The simulation results show that the controller has strong robustness
to parameter perturbations of the ship and environmental disturbances.
In robot control [73], the ESO is used to estimate and compensate the nonlinear dynamics
of the manipulator and the external disturbances for a complex robot systems motion control.
[120] applies the ADRC to the lateral control of tracked robots on stairs. The simulation results
show that this algorithm can keep the robot smooth and precise in lateral control and effectively
overcome the disturbance. In [114], the ADRC is applied to the rock drill robot joint hydraulic
drive system. The simulation results show that the ADRC controller has ideal robustness to