import tensorflow as tf import numpy as np import gym # 创建 CartPole 游戏环境 env = gym.make('CartPole-v1') # 定义神经网络模型 model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([ tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu', input_shape=(4,)), tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu'), tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='linear') ]) # 定义优化器和损失函数 optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam() loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError() # 定义超参数 gamma = 0.99 # 折扣因子 epsilon = 1.0 # ε-贪心策略中的初始 ε 值 epsilon_min = 0.01 # ε-贪心策略中的最小 ε 值 epsilon_decay = 0.995 # ε-贪心策略中的衰减值 batch_size = 32 # 每个批次的样本数量 memory = [] # 记忆池 # 定义动作选择函数 def choose_action(state): if np.random.rand() < epsilon: return env.action_space.sample() else: Q_values = model.predict(state[np.newaxis]) return np.argmax(Q_values[0]) # 定义经验回放函数 def replay(batch_size): batch = np.random.choice(len(memory), batch_size, replace=False) for index in batch: state, action, reward, next_state, done = memory[index] target = model.predict(state[np.newaxis]) if done: target[0][action] = reward else: Q_future = np.max(model.predict(next_state[np.newaxis])[0]) target[0][action] = reward + Q_future * gamma model.fit(state[np.newaxis], target, epochs=1, verbose=0) # 训练模型 for episode in range(1000): state = env.reset() done = False total_reward = 0 while not done: action = choose_action(state) next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) memory.append((state, action, reward, next_state, done)) state = next_state total_reward += reward if len(memory) > batch_size: replay(batch_size) epsilon = max(epsilon_min, epsilon * epsilon_decay) print("Episode {}: Score = {}, ε = {:.2f}".format(episode, total_reward, epsilon))next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 4)优化代码

问题出现在最后一个环节中。根据 OpenAI Gym 的文档，CartPole-v1 环境的 step() 函数返回的是四个值，分别是下一个状态、本次动作的奖励、游戏是否结束和一些额外信息。而在原始代码中，使用了一个 _ 变量来占位，但实际上返回的值个数超过了 4，导致程序报错。解决这个问题的方法是将 _ 变量改成一个列表变量，如下所示：

next_state, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

同时，建议将神经网络模型的优化器改成 RMSprop，这是一个更加适合强化学习问题的优化器。最后，为了更好地观察训练效果，可以将每个回合的得分输出到日志中，而不是只输出最后一个回合的得分。下面是修改后的代码：

import tensorflow as tf 
import numpy as np 
import gym  

# 创建 CartPole 游戏环境 
env = gym.make('CartPole-v1')  

# 定义神经网络模型 
model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([     
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu', input_shape=(4,)),     
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu'),     
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='linear') 
])  

# 定义优化器和损失函数 
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.RMSprop(learning_rate=0.001) 
loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError()  

# 定义超参数 
gamma = 0.99  # 折扣因子 
epsilon = 1.0  # ε-贪心策略中的初始 ε 值 
epsilon_min = 0.01  # ε-贪心策略中的最小 ε 值 
epsilon_decay = 0.995  # ε-贪心策略中的衰减值 
batch_size = 32  # 每个批次的样本数量 
memory = []  # 记忆池   

# 定义动作选择函数 
def choose_action(state):     
    if np.random.rand() < epsilon:         
        return env.action_space.sample()     
    else:         
        Q_values = model.predict(state[np.newaxis])         
        return np.argmax(Q_values[0])  

# 定义经验回放函数 
def replay(batch_size):     
    batch = np.random.choice(len(memory), batch_size, replace=False)     
    for index in batch:         
        state, action, reward, next_state, done = memory[index]         
        target = model.predict(state[np.newaxis])         
        if done:             
            target[0][action] = reward         
        else:             
            Q_future = np.max(model.predict(next_state[np.newaxis])[0])             
            target[0][action] = reward + Q_future * gamma         
        model.fit(state[np.newaxis], target, epochs=1, verbose=0, optimizer=optimizer, loss=loss_fn)  

# 训练模型 
for episode in range(1000):     
    state = env.reset()     
    done = False     
    total_reward = 0     
    while not done:         
        action = choose_action(state)         
        next_state, reward, done, info = env.step(action)         
        memory.append((state, action, reward, next_state, done))         
        state = next_state         
        total_reward += reward         
        if len(memory) > batch_size:             
            replay(batch_size)             
            epsilon = max(epsilon_min, epsilon * epsilon_decay)     
    print("Episode {}: Score = {:.2f}, ε = {:.2f}".format(episode, total_reward, epsilon))

注意，由于 RMSprop 的学习率比 Adam 更小，因此需要将其设为 0.001。如果学习率太高，会导致训练不稳定或不收敛。