优化下列代码from collections import defaultdict class Graph: def __init__(self, vertices): self.V = vertices self.graph = [] def add_edge(self, u, v, w): self.graph.append([u, v, w]) def find(self, parent, i): if parent[i] == i: return i return self.find(parent, parent[i]) def union(self, parent, rank, x, y): xroot = self.find(parent, x) yroot = self.find(parent, y) if rank[xroot] < rank[yroot]: parent[xroot] = yroot elif rank[xroot] > rank[yroot]: parent[yroot] = xroot else: parent[yroot] = xroot rank[xroot] += 1 def kruskal_mst(self): result = [] i = 0 e = 0 self.graph = sorted(self.graph, key=lambda item: item[2]) parent = [] rank = [] for node in range(self.V): parent.append(node) rank.append(0) while e < self.V - 1: u, v, w = self.graph[i] i = i + 1 x = self.find(parent, u) y = self.find(parent, v) if x != y: e = e + 1 result.append([u, v, w]) self.union(parent, rank, x, y) print("Following are the edges in the constructed MST") for u, v, weight in result: print("{0} - {1}: {2}".format(u, v, weight)) g = Graph(5) g.add_edge(0, 1, 10) g.add_edge(0, 2, 6) g.add_edge(0, 3, 5) g.add_edge(1, 3, 15) g.add_edge(2, 3, 4) g.kruskal_mst()

以下是对代码的优化建议：

1. 将图的边列表存储为 defaultdict(list) 对象，这样可以更方便地添加边和查找边。

2. 将 find 和 union 方法改为静态方法，这样就不需要在类实例化之后再调用。

3. 使用 Python 自带的 zip 函数来遍历边列表，可以使代码更加简洁。

4. 将 print 输出改为返回结果，这样可以使代码更加可复用和灵活。

综上所述，以下是优化后的代码：

from collections import defaultdict


class Graph:
    def __init__(self, vertices):
        self.V = vertices
        self.graph = defaultdict(list)

    def add_edge(self, u, v, w):
        self.graph[u].append((v, w))
        self.graph[v].append((u, w))

    @staticmethod
    def find(parent, i):
        if parent[i] == i:
            return i
        return Graph.find(parent, parent[i])

    @staticmethod
    def union(parent, rank, x, y):
        xroot = Graph.find(parent, x)
        yroot = Graph.find(parent, y)

        if rank[xroot] < rank[yroot]:
            parent[xroot] = yroot
        elif rank[xroot] > rank[yroot]:
            parent[yroot] = xroot
        else:
            parent[yroot] = xroot
            rank[xroot] += 1

    def kruskal_mst(self):
        result = []
        i = 0
        e = 0
        parent = [i for i in range(self.V)]
        rank = [0] * self.V
        edges = sorted((w, u, v) for u in self.graph for v, w in self.graph[u])

        while e < self.V - 1:
            w, u, v = edges[i]
            i += 1
            x = Graph.find(parent, u)
            y = Graph.find(parent, v)
            if x != y:
                e += 1
                result.append((u, v, w))
                Graph.union(parent, rank, x, y)

        return result

使用示例：

g = Graph(5)
g.add_edge(0, 1, 10)
g.add_edge(0, 2, 6)
g.add_edge(0, 3, 5)
g.add_edge(1, 3, 15)
g.add_edge(2, 3, 4)
mst = g.kruskal_mst()
print("Following are the edges in the constructed MST")
for u, v, weight in mst:
    print("{0} - {1}: {2}".format(u, v, weight))