【Java集合类源码精讲】:HashMap与HashSet工作机制深度解读

发布时间: 2024-09-11 11:20:55 阅读量: 75 订阅数: 24
![【Java集合类源码精讲】:HashMap与HashSet工作机制深度解读](https://iq.opengenus.org/content/images/2019/04/hash_map_flow.jpg) # 1. Java集合框架概述 Java集合框架是Java编程语言中用于存储和操作对象的集合的一组接口和类。这些集合类和接口是Java编程中不可或缺的一部分,它们为处理动态数据提供了基础支撑。集合框架允许开发者以统一的方式操作不同类型的数据集合,无需关心数据存储的具体细节。在处理大量数据时,使用集合框架可以显著提高代码的效率和可维护性。本章将为读者概述Java集合框架的基本结构,其中包括List、Set、Queue等主要接口,以及对应的ArrayList、LinkedList、HashSet、TreeSet等实现类。此外,我们会介绍如何选择合适的集合类型来满足特定需求,以及如何在集合框架中迭代、排序和搜索元素。通过对集合框架的初步了解,读者将为深入探索其内部机制和高级特性打下坚实的基础。 # 2. 深入理解HashMap机制 ## 2.1 HashMap的数据结构 ### 2.1.1 数组与链表的结合 在Java中,HashMap是基于散列的,它使用数组和链表结合的方式实现了数据的存储。散列是一个将任意长度的输入通过散列算法变换成固定长度的输出,这个输出值称为散列值。HashMap内部维护了一个数组,而数组的每一个元素是一个链表,用来解决散列冲突。具体来说,当有两个或多个键(key)的散列值相同时,这些键值对就会被存储在同一个数组位置上的链表中。 在分析这部分代码之前,我们来看一个简单的HashMap结构的示意图: ```java // 伪代码 - 描述HashMap内部数据结构 class HashMap { Node<K,V>[] table; // 数组,存储节点的数组 static class Node<K,V> { final int hash; // 用于计算存储位置 final K key; V value; Node<K,V> next; // 指向下一个节点,形成链表 } } ``` ### 2.1.2 散列冲突与处理 散列冲突是指不同的输入值通过散列函数计算得到相同的输出值。在HashMap中,处理散列冲突的方法就是使用链地址法。即当有新的键值对插入时,计算其散列值,如果该位置已经存在节点,就将新的节点以链表节点的形式追加到该位置。 ```java // 伪代码 - 描述HashMap put操作中处理散列冲突的部分 public V put(K key, V value) { return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true); } // 伪代码 - putVal方法中的散列冲突处理 final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) { Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i; if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length; // 扩容或初始化数组 if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) // 计算索引位置 tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k; if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p; else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value); else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null); // 链表添加节点 if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; } if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } } if (e != null) { V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount; if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; } ``` 在以上伪代码中,我们可以看到,当新的键值对的散列值与已有的节点散列值相同,并且key也相同时,会执行替换操作。如果仅散列值相同,但key不同,则会将新的节点添加到链表的尾部,这样就处理了散列冲突。 ## 2.2 HashMap的初始化与扩容 ### 2.2.1 初始容量与加载因子 HashMap在初始化时,可以指定其内部数组的初始容量(Initial Capacity),默认为16。加载因子(Load Factor)是用来衡量HashMap满的程度,其默认值为0.75。加载因子越高,空间利用率越高,但冲突的机会也越高;加载因子越低,冲突机会越小,空间利用率越低,但可能减少冲突。当HashMap中的节点数(元素个数)超过了加载因子与当前容量的乘积时,HashMap就会进行扩容。 ### 2.2.2 扩容机制详解 当HashMap中的元素数量超过阈值threshold时,就会触发扩容。扩容是一个相对昂贵的操作,因为它需要重新计算每个元素的存储位置。在Java 8中,HashMap的扩容不再是简单的两倍扩大,而是通过resize()方法将数组的长度变为原来的两倍,同时进行rehash操作。 ```java // 伪代码 - 描述HashMap的扩容 final Node<K,V>[] resize() { Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table; int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length; int oldThr = threshold; int newCap, newThr = 0; if (oldCap > 0) { if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) { threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE; return oldTab; } else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) newThr = oldThr << 1; // 双倍扩容,新的阈值是原来的两倍 } else if (oldThr > 0) newCap = oldThr; else { // 默认构造函数 newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); } if (newThr == 0) { float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor; newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE); } threshold = newThr; @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"}) Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap]; table = newTab; if (oldTab != null) { for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) { Node<K,V> e; if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) { oldTab[j] = null; if (e.next == null) newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e; else if (e instanceof TreeNode) ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap); else { // preserve order Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; Node<K,V> next; do { next = e.next; if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) { if (loTail == null) loHead = e; else loTail.next = e; loTail = e; } else { if (hiTail == null) hiHead = e; else hiTail.next = e; hiTail = e; } } while ((e = next) != null); if (loTail != null) { loTail.next = null; newTab[j] = loHead; } if (hiTail != null) { hiTail.next = null; newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead; } } } } } return newTab; } ``` 上述伪代码展示了resize方法的主要逻辑。它首先检查旧的容量,然
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本专栏深入探讨 Java 高级数据结构,旨在帮助开发者提升 Java 编程技能。专栏文章涵盖广泛主题,包括: * 优化 ArrayList 和 LinkedList 的技巧 * Map、Set 和 List 的工作机制 * TreeMap 和 TreeSet 的高效场景分析 * ConcurrentHashMap 和 CopyOnWriteArrayList 的并发数据结构 * BitSet 和 EnumSet 的性能提升秘诀 * HashMap 和 HashSet 的源码解读 * 图结构在 Java 中的实现和优化 * Stack 和 Queue 的实际应用技巧 * BlockingQueue 的使用场景优化 * 选择合适的集合类型的最佳实践 * Java 中的红黑树 * Collections 工具类的同步包装器 * Trie 树提升字符串检索效率 * BloomFilter 原理和应用场景 * ArrayList 动态数组原理 * ConcurrentSkipListMap 和 ConcurrentSkipListSet 的深入探讨 通过阅读本专栏,开发者可以深入了解 Java 数据结构,掌握优化技巧,并提升并发编程能力,从而编写高效、可靠的 Java 程序。

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